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Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name Organ responsible for Secretion Cell Type responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue 1 Physiological changes activated by a stressful event. Relaxed and calm states of being Norepinephrine Noradrenaline and levarterenol Adrenal Glands (adrenal medulla) Chromaffin cells Brain 2 Melatonin receptors Atenolol and luzindole Melatonin N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine Pineal Gland Pinealocytes Brain 3 ACTH Regulate male reproductive processes Gonadocorticotropic Hormone GnRh Adrenal Glands (adrenal cortex) Brain Anterior pituitary gland 4 Low level of cortisol, stress, fever Increased levels of cortisol Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Corticotropin Anterior Pituitary Corticotrophs Adrenal cortex 5 Syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy It inhibits insulin. Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS) Growth hormone (GH) Anterior pituitary gland. Somatotroph cells Peptides released by neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus 1 OF 16 crine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones Target Organ/Tissue Illustration Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Principle Action Consequences of deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of excess Feed Back System 1 Fight or flight response to stress, also known as adrenaline. Prepares the body for increased activity. Orthostatic hyptension and blood vessel disease. Amino acid Increased heart contraction rate, constriction of blood vessels, bronchiole dilation, and increased metabolic rate. Negative Neurogenesis.com http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Norepinephrine 2 Influences daily rhythms, sleep and for some people seasonal changes in mood. Insomnia, trouble sleeping Circadin Increase hormone can cause a sleeping disorder .( Also sleep can help growth development and energy. Only if you sleep for 8-10 hrs.) Negative www.springerlink.com/i ndex/M6621743540748 70.pdf Biology of Humans en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M 3 Stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release LH Underproduction of testosterone Peptid Sexual Infantilism Negative Biology of humans http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Gonadotropin 4 Stimulates synthesis and release of hormones from adrenal glands. Hypoadrenalism Peptide Hyperadrenalism Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Adrenocorticotropic_hormo ne Polypeptide Thickens the bones of the jaw, fingers and toes Negative http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictio nary.com/human+chori onic+somatomammotr opin Item # 5 Stimulates growth and cell reproduction Growth failure and short stature in humans and other animals. 2 OF 16 Molecular Structure Reference Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name Organ responsible for Secretion Cell Type responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue 6 Low levels of thyroid hormones High levels of thyroid hormones Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyrotropin Anterior Pituitary Neurosecretory Cells, Thyrotrophs Thyroid Gland 7 T cells (lymphoctes) Low level of T cells Thymosin Thymopoietin Thymus Cortex Lymphoid 8 It is released in response to atrial stretch and a variety of other signals induced by hypervolemia, exercise or caloric restriction. Low blood pressure. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), or atriopeptin It is released in response to atrial stretch and a variety of other signals induced by hypervolemia, exercise or caloric restriction. Atrial myocytes Heart 9 High Calcium concentration in blood Low levels of calcium in blood Parathyroid Hormone PTH and Parathormone Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid chief cell Blood 10 Blood glucose levels start to fall too low Glucagon-like peptide-1 Glucagon Pancreatic Peptide Pancreas Alphn cells of b ilet of langerhans Blood stream 3 OF 16 Target Organ/Tissue Illustration Principle Action Consequences of deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of excess Feed Back System 6 1 Stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormones, growth and function of thyroid gland Hypothyroidism Glycoprotein Hyperthyroidism Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Thyroidstimulating_hormone 7 Promotes maturation if white blood cells Decrease T cells can occur in infection and disease. Blood (white blood cells) No consequences Negative http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih .gov/pmc/articles/PMC2 138952/ Biology of Humans 8 ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium and adipose loads on the circulatory system, thereby reducing blood pressure.[1] Increased blood pressure. Polypeptide Low blood pressure. Negative http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih .gov/pubmed/8897999 9 Increases blood levels of calcium Hypoparathyroidism, increased concentrations of Calcium, and decreased concentrations of Phosphorous. Peptid Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Negative http://www.webmd.com/a-toz-guides/parathyroidhormone 10 Cause liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, raising blood glucose levels Hypoglycaemia 29 amino acid polypeptide Causing pancreatic tumors as glucagonoma. Negative Item # 4 OF 16 Molecular Structure Reference http://www.springerlink. com/content/w0l1768t5 354vk25/ http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Glucagon Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name Organ responsible for Secretion Cell Type responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue 12 Mechanical or infant suckling Absence of nipple stimulation Prolactin (PRL) Luteotropic Hormone Anterior Pituitary Lactotrophs Breasts 13 Pregnancy Aromatase inhibitors work by inhibiting the action of the enzyme aromatase Estrogen Androgen Corpus luteum, and the placenta. Developing follicles Breast and uterus, brain, bone, liver, heart and other tissues. Oxytocin (OT) Pitocin Posterior Pituitary Neurosecretory Cells Breasts and Uterus 14 Stress that causes Physical stimulation of the catecholamines to be released. breasts The Catecholamines repress the oxytocin neurons. 15 Phospholipase A2 Decrase the glucose in the blood strream Insulin NPH Insulin, Lente Insulin, Insulin Aspart, Insulin glargine Pancreas B islet cells Liver and skeletal muscules 16 Falling levels of EPO, moderate bleeding Chemotherapy and PO2 is normal, EPO derease Erythropoietin (EPO) Epoetin alfa Kidneys Extraglomerular mesangial Liver 5 OF 16 Target Organ/Tissue Illustration Principle Action Consequences of deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of excess Feed Back System 1 12 Stimulates breasts to produce milk. Absence of milk production Protein Enlarge mammary glands in both male/females, infertility, galactorrhea Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolac tin 13 They promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle. Low estrogen levels during pregnancy can reduce future fertility for female offspring. Steroid High estrogen levels during perimenopause and menopause can have effects such as headaches, breast tenderness and even in some cases breast cancer if left untreated. Positive http://www.naturalhormones.net/estrogenhigh-levels.htm 14 Impairs maternal skeletal Stimulates uterine muscle contraction, remodeling, gives problems with and secretion of milk nursing and uterine contractions. Peptide There is no known effect for the excess of Oxytocin. Item # Reference Positive http://www.gfmer.ch/Endo/L ectures_10/Oxytocin.htm /www.diabitieslife.com http://www.medicinenet. com/insulin/article.htm 15 Use and remove glucose Diabetes Peptide Low blood glucose Negative 16 Hormone released from th e kindeny that stimulates thr production of red cells in the bone morrow Anemia Peptid Polycythemia Negative 6 OF 16 Molecular Structure http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Hormone Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name Organ responsible for Secretion Cell Type responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue 17 Angiotensin II Sodium ions, and dopamine, ANH Aldosterone 11β,21-dihydroxy-3,20dioxopregn-4-en-18-al Adrenal Glands (adrenal cortex) Zona glomerulosa cells Kidneys, and increases blood volume 18 Blood vessels Increased Ca & phosphate Calcitrol (1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3) Kidneys Parathyroid cells Kidneys 19 It is initiated by the interaction of angiotensin II with the AT1 receptor. Angiotensin II (ANG II) inhibits bTREK-1 (bovine KCNK2) K(+) channels. Angiotensin II Renin substrate. Liver Adrenocortical cells Kidneys 20 Gastric luminade peptides The presence of acid Gastrin Gastric acid GI Tract G cells Stomach and duodenum. 21 Lipoprotein lipase Small meals Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) Small intestine K cells Small intestine 7 OF 16 Item # 17 1 18 Target Organ/Tissue Illustration Principle Action Consequences of deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of excess Feed Back System Increases blood pressure Hyperkalemia with an increase in total body potassium Steroid Addisons disease Negative Active form of vitamin D Hypercalcaemia Negative http://www.newsmedical.net/news/2009 /02/05/45634.aspx It increases the level of calcium in the Hypocalcemia and osteoporosis. blood Molecular Structure Reference health.allrefer.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Aldosterone 19 Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine, autocrine/ paracrine, and intracrine hormone. Hypotension Oligopeptide Hypertension Negative http://hyper.ahajournal s.org/cgi/content/full/hy pertensionaha;29/1/40 1 20 Stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach Indigestion Peptide hormone Acid hypersecretion, ulcer disease, and malignant potential Negative http://www.wrongdiagn osis.com/f/functioning_ pancreatic_endocrine_t umor/symptoms.htm 21 Neutralizes gastric acids to protect the small intestine from acid damage Constipation Peptide Abdominal bloating and upset stomach Negative http://ajpgi.physiology.o rg/cgi/content/full/279/3 /G561 8 OF 16 Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name Organ responsible for Secretion Cell Type responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue 22 Acidification of the duodenum Normal pH level Secretin None Duodenum S cells Pancreas 23 Secreted by the duodenum PC synthesis Cholecystokinin (CCK) Previously called pancreozymin Specific receptors present in the basolateral membrane I-cells Pancreas and gallbladder 24 Is primarliy from the LCells Pancreatic Polypeptide Glucagon Pancrease PP Cells Pancreas 25 Secreted by the adipocytes During proestrus may trigger the preovulatory release of luteinizing Leptin, and Estrone Lepton and estrone Andipose Tissue Adipocytes Ovaries, skeletal muscle, stomach (lower part of fundic glands),, bone marrow. 26 Pregnancy Inhibited angiogenesis Human Chorionic Gonadotropin HCG Placenta 27 GnRH secretion Absence of GnRH secretion Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Gonadotropins Anterior Pituitary 9 OF 16 Seminoma, choriocarcinoma, germ Corpus luteum of the cell tumors, hydatidiform ovary mole Gonadotrophs Testes and Ovaries Target Organ/Tissue Illustration Principle Action Consequences of deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of excess Feed Back System Controls the secretions into the duodenum Unregulated ph level Peptide hormone When they receive too much secretin they experienced nightmares and sensory overload. Negative http://www.autismcons ultingservice.com/secr etin.htm 23 Responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein Less bile secretion Peptide Tumorally synthesized and secreted gastrin Negative http://www.statemaster .com/encyclopedia/Cho lecystokinin 24 Self regulate the pancreas secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine), it also has effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. Impaired Glucose Tolerance Polypeptide Supresses excessive weight gain Negative 25 Lays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including the regulation (decrease) of appetite and (increase) of metabolism. Increased appetite Protein Decreased appetite Negative http://users.rcn.com/jki mball.ma.ultranet/Biolo gyPages/L/Leptin.html 26 Promotes the maintenance of the corpus luteum during the beginning of pregnancy, causing it to secrete the hormone progesterone. Hypogonadism Peptide hormone Widespread choriocarcinoma and relatively few symptoms of thyrotoxicosis Negative http://users.rcn.com/jki mball.ma.ultranet/Biolo gyPages/S/SexHormon es.html Negative http://en.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Folliclestimulating_hormon e Item # 22 1 27 Stimulates gamete formation and Primary hypogonadism, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, hypopituitarism,Glycoprotein and hyperprolactinemia secretion of estrogen by ovaries cryptorchidism(undescended testes) 10 OF 16 Molecular Structure Reference http://linkinghub.elsevie r.com/retrieve/pii/S0022 480408007129 Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name Organ responsible for Secretion Cell Type responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue 28 Pregnancy Progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy Progesterone "Hormone of pregnancy" Secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta Progesterone secretion by luteinizing human granulosa cells Uterus 29 Testes High levels of the hormone LH. Testosteone Androgen Teste Adrenal Cortex Testis and prostatemuscle and bone mass and hair growth. 30 BY FSH ( Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing) hormone in the ovaries. Aromatase inhibitors Estrogen Oogenesis Ovary Adrenal Cortex Gonads 31 Dioscorea High levels of the hormone FSH Progesterone Oogenesis Ovary(Corpus lutem) Adrenal Cortex Gonads 32 Insulin induced hypoglycemia, low levels of progesterone and testosterone, and GnRH secretion. High levels of, (in the testes testosterone, in the overies estrogen and progesterone) Luteininzing Hormone (LH) Gonadotropins Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrophs Gonads 33 Ultraviolet radiation exposure to the epidermis Absence of UV radiation exposure to the epidermis and excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines. Melanocyte -stimulating hormone Lipotropin Anterior Pituitary Corticotropes Dermis 11 OF 16 Item # Target Organ/Tissue Illustration Principle Action Consequences of deficieny Headaches,Mood disorder,Bloating,Abdominal pain, Breast tenderness, Lowered levels of HDL ("good" cholesterol) , Disease or damage to the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, or testicles Chemical Class Consequences of excess Feed Back System Steroid Involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis Negative Lipids Loss of brain cells Negative Molecular Structure Reference 28 1 Irregular periods, ovarian cysts, infertility, miscarriage, weight gain, bone loss, sugar craving 29 Development of male reproductive tissues 30 Primary female sex hormone Hot flashes, Fatigue, Forgetfulness, Irregular bleeding, Depression Lipids Acne, Facial hair, Ovarian cyst, Midcycle pain, Irritable, Angry Negative 31 Steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis Infertility, Carbohydrate cravings, Irregular periods, Breast tenderness, lower body temperature Lipids Inhibits pituitary secretion of FSH and LH; As a result the developent of new follicles are inhibited. Negative 32 Causes ovulation and stimulates ovaries to secrete estrogen and pregesterone. Stimeulates testes to synthesize and secrete testosterone. Secondary hypogonadism (Kallmann syndrome) Glycoprotein Primary hypogonadism Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lut einizing_hormone 33 Produces melanin, modulates the immune system and controls nerve function. Underlies damage caused by the exposure to biologically produced toxins. Polypeptide No melain produced, Albinism Negative http://www.biomedicine.org/medicineproducts/MELANOCYTESTIM-HORMONE--BETA23678-1/ 12 OF 16 http://www.answers.co m/topic/progesterone http://www.urologychan nel.com/testosteronedef iciency/index.shtml http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Testosterone http://www.jacemedical. com/articles/Hormonal %20Health%20and%20 Balance%20Informatio n.pdf www.breastcancer.org/t http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/00724958 55/student_view0/chapt er28/animation__positiv e_and_negative_feedba ck__quiz_1_.html Alternate Name Organ responsible for Secretion Cell Type responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue Human Growth Hormone Somatotropin Anterior Pituitary Somatotropes All body cells Somatostatin Thyroid Hormone Thyroxine and triiodothyronine Thyroid Gland Follicular Cells All body cells Blood calcium levels above normal Blood calcium levels below normal Calcitonin CT, Calcimar, and Miacalcin Thyroid Gland Parafollicular cells Bone tissue Danger threatens or in emergency, physical threats, and excitement. Relaxed or calm states of being Epinephrine Adrenaline Adrenal Glands (adrenal medulla) Chromaffin cells Sympathetic effectors, cardiac and other muscles Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone 34 Control by central nervous system, occurs in burts, most released during early sleep, Somatostatin an anterior pituitary regulating hormone produced in hypothalamus, 35 Circulation of Iodine 36 37 Hormone Illustration 13 OF 16 Target Organ/Tissue Illustration Principle Action Consequences of deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of excess Feed Back System 1 34 Stimulates growth and breakdown of fat. Low levels of growth, decreased bone aging process, and delayed physical maturation. Protein Abnormally increased rates of human growth (giantism), and Acromegaly disease. Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Growth_hormone 35 Regulates the body's metabolic rate, and the production of heat. TH also maintains blood pressure and promotes normal development. Hypothyroidism ( Cretinism , Myxedema) Peptid Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease) Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Thyroid_hormone 36 Regulate calcuim and phosphoros blood levels, stimulates absorption of calcium by bone. Decreased bone density, problems with bone repair and remodeling, and Osteoporosis. Polypeptide Increased calcium blood levels (hypercalcemia), weakened kidney function, constipation, and calcium stones. Negative http://www.medicinenet.co m/calcitonin/article.htm 37 Fight or flight response to stress, also known as adrenaline. Prepares the body for increased activity. May cause low blood glucose levels, depression, and anxiety. Amino Acid Increased heart contraction rate, constriction of blood vessels, bronchiole dilation, and increased metabolic rate. Negative http://en.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Epinephrine Item # 14 OF 16 Molecular Structure Reference Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate Name Organ responsible for Secretion Cell Type responsible for Secretion Target Organ or Tissue 38 Growth horomone (GIHH) Inhibiting factor (SRIF) Somatostatin Growth hormone Hypothalamus Neuronedocrine neurone of the periventricular nucleus Digestive system, Brain, and Endocrince system 39 Internal-external stimuli Low levels of secretion Releasing Hormones Releasing factor Hypothalmus Adrenal Cortex Throughout the body 40 Stress and anxiety Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Cortisol / Cortisone Stress hormone Adrenal Glands (adrenal cortex) Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells. All tissues 41 Corticosteroids inhibit their release. Inhibition by probenecid and indomethacin Prostaglandins Prostaglnadins Many All tissues and organs All tissues and organs 15 OF 16 Item # 38 1 Target Organ/Tissue Illustration Principle Action Consequences of deficieny Chemical Class Consequences of excess Feed Back System Molecular Structure Regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation Persistent Helicobacter pylori infection and reduced somatostatin in chronic gastritis Peptide Persistent Helicobacter pylori infection and reduced somatostatin in chronic gastritis Negative http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih .gov/pubmed/15533778 http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Somatostatin Reference Peptid Congenital gigantism Negative http://emedicine.medsc ape.com/article/255152overview http://jcem.endojournal s.org/cgi/content/abstra ct/76/1/216 Over inflammation of tissues Glucocorticoid, steroid Can suppress bodys defense system, including the inflammatory response. Negative http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Cortisol May lead to inflammatory disease Peptide 39 Isolated gonadotropin-releasing Control the release of another hormone hormone 40 Increase blood sugar and stores of sugar in the liver as glycogen, and also suppresses the immune system 41 Contracts and relaxes smooth muscle tissues, inflammatory Prostaglandins are harmful and many diseases are directly linked to Both negative excessive inflammation and blood and positive clotting 16 OF 16 http://www.endoresolved.com/prostagla ndins.html