Download World History Chapter 4 Section 3-5 Study Guide What happened in

World History Chapter 4 Section 3-5
Study Guide
1. What happened in 499 BC to make the Persians angry with the Athenians?
Ionian Greeks rebelled against Persian rule. Athens sent ships to help them.
2. Who was Darius I?
Ruler of Persian empire
3. What was Marathon? What happened there?
The mighty Persian army landed near Marathon, a plain north of Athens. With fewer men, the
Athenians forced the Persians to retreat back to their ships.
4. Who was Xerxes?
Son of Darius I
5. What was Thermopylae? What happened there? Be sure you also know who Leonidas
was.
A narrow mountain pass where a small Spartan force led by King Leonidas was defeated by the
Persian forces
6. What was Salamis? What happened there?
A narrow strait where the Athenians drove their ships into the ships of the Persians with
underwater battering rams. They sank the entire Persian fleet.
7. Why was victory in the Persian Wars important to the Greeks?
because it increased the Greeks’ sense of uniqueness. They felt the gods had protected their
superior form of government.
8. What is an alliance?
a formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one
another’s defense.
9. What was the Delian League? Who dominated it?
An alliance between all of the Greek city-states. Dominated by Athens
10. In what 2 ways did Athens use the Delian League to create the Athens Empire?
It moved the league treasury from the island of Delos to Athens, using money contributed by
other city-states to rebuild its own city.
When its allies protested and tried to withdraw from the league, Athens used force to make
them remain.
11. Who was Pericles? What did he do for Athens?
helped the economy thrive and the government became more democratic
12. Periclean Athens was a(n) ____Direct democracy ________________________ meaning
citizens took part directly in the day-to-day affairs of the government.
13. Briefly describe Pericles’ feelings about citizen participation in government.
believed that all citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in
government.
14. Why was the Athenian government’s stipend important?
This reform enabled poor men to serve in government.
15. What is a jury?
is a panel of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgment in a trial.
16. What was ostracism?
Athenian citizens could also vote to banish, or send away, a public figure who they saw as a
threat to their democracy.
17. Briefly list the ways Athens thrived during the Periclean Age.
With their riches, Pericles ordered the rebuilding of the Acopolis, which the Persians had
destroyed.
18. With the help of an educated woman named ________________Aspasia
_________________, Pericles turned Athens into the cultural center of Greece.
19. How did building programs benefit Athens?
They increased Athenians’ prosperity by creating jobs for artisans and workers.
20. To counter the Delian League, Sparta and other enemies of Athens the
_________________Pelopnnesian League______________________________.
21. What was the name of the war fought between Athens and Sparta (plus each side’s
allies)?
Pelopnnesian War
22. List the geographic disadvantages of both sides in the Peloponnesian War.
Because Sparta was inland, Athens couldn’t use their navy to attack.
Because Athens was north of Sparta, when the Spartan troops came near, all Athenian citizens
moved inside the city walls. (This overcrowding led to outbreaks of the plague that killed many
Athenians, including Pericles.)
23. In the Peloponnesian War, Sparta allied with ________Persians______________.
24. Greek thinkers challenged the beliefs about the gods and used what 2 things to find the
causes for events?
Observation and reason
25. What does the name philosopher mean?
“lovers of wisdom”
26. Through reason and observation Greek philosophers believed they could discover what?
Laws that govern the universe
27. Some Greek philosophers who were interested in ethics and morality debated what
questions?
What was the best kind of government?
What standard should rule human behavior?
28. To Sophists, __________success____________________ was more important than
________________moral truth_________________.
29. What is rhetoric?
the art of skillful speaking
30. How did the older Greek citizens feel about the Sophists?
older citizens accused the Sophists of undermining traditional Greek values.
31. Who was Socrates? What happened to him and why?
an Athenian stonemason and philosopher. Socrates spent his days in the town square asking
people about their beliefs. Using a process we now call the Socratic method. To Socrates, the
patient examination was a way to help others seek truth and self-knowledge.
Many Athenians, however, saw it as a threat to accepted values and traditions.
When he was 70 years old, Socrates was sentenced to death for what the jury called corrupting
the youth and failing to respect the gods. Loyal to all Athenians laws, Socrates accepted the
penalty and drank a cup of hemlock, a deadly poison.
32. What is the Socratic Method?
he would pose a series of questions to a student or passing citizen, and challenge them to
examine the implications of their answers.
33. Socrates’ student, Plato, believed in the importance of
_____________reason__________________.
34. What was the name of Plato’s school?
The Academy
35. List the three things that Plato believed people could discover through rational thought.
Unchanging ethical values
Recognize perfect beauty
Learn how best to organize society
36. Briefly describe Plato’s Republic.
Plato described his vision of an ideal state. He rejected Athenian democracy because it had
condemned Socrates. Instead, Plato argued that the state should regulate every aspect of
citizens’ lives in order to provide for their best interests
37. List the three classes Plato divided the ideal society into.
Workers to produce the necessities of life
Soldiers to defend the state
Philosophers to rule
38. Describe Plato’s view of women.
Plato thought that, in general, men surpassed women in mental and physical tasks, but that
some women were superior to some men. He said talented women should be educated to
serve the state.
39. Why was Aristotle suspicious of democracy?
He was suspicious of democracy because he thought it could lead to mob rule.
40. What kind of government did Aristotle favor?
In the end he favored rule by a single, strong and virtuous leader.
41. What major question did Aristotle address?
Aristotle also address the question of how people ought to live
42. What is the “golden mean”?
a moderate course between extremes
43. According to Aristotle, _________reason___________________ was the guided force
for learning.
44. What was the name of Aristotle’s school?
Lyceum
45. The Parthenon is a temple dedicated to the goddess
__________Athena___________________.
46. The only Greek paintings to survive are on _______pottery____________________.
47. Greek literature began with the epics of _____________Homer____________________.
48. Briefly describe the poetry of Sappho OR Pindar.
In later times, the Sappho sang of love and of the beauty of her island home, which the poetry
of Pindar celebrated the victors in athletic contests.
49. __________Drama_______________________ was the most important Greek
contribution to literature.
50. Who was Dionysus?
the god of fertility and wine
51. Name some things that Greek playwrights explored in their plays.
Greek dramas were often based on popular myths and legends. Through these familiar stories,
playwrights discussed moral and social issues or explored the relationship between people and
the gods.
52. List the 3 greatest Athenian playwrights.
Aeschylus (ES kih lus), Sophocles and Euripides
53. What was the purpose of Greek tragedies?
was to stir up and then relieve the emotions of pity and fear.
54. Who wrote most of the Greek comedies?
Aristophanes
55. Herodotus is known as what? WHY?
“The Father of History.” WHY? Because he went beyond listing names of rulers or the retelling
of ancient legends.
56. Who was Philip II?
was a Macedonian prince who was taken captive by the Greeks in 368 BC
57. Who (what nation) finally defeated Athens and took control of most Greek city states?
At what battle?
In 338 BC, Athens and Thebes joined forces against Macedonia and Philip defeated them at the
Battle of Chaeronea
58. Define assassination.
is the murder of a public figure, usually for political reasons
59. Philip II’s great dream was to conquer the __Persian Empire _____________________.
60. Who took the throne after Philip’s death?
Philip’s queen Olympias then placed their son Alexander on the throne when he was 20
years old
61. Define Dardonelles.
the strait separating Europe from Asia Minor
62. Where did Alexander the Great win his first victory? Whom did he defeat?
first victory against the Persians at the Granicus River
63. What new advancement did Alexander and his troops encounter while fighting in India?
faced soldiers mounted on war elephants.
64. At his death, who did Alexander leave his empire to? What really happened to it?
He is said to have left his huge empire to “the strongest,” but there was not one strong enough.
So, after years of disorder, his three generals divided the empire
65. List the division of Alexander’s Empire.
Macedonia and Greece went to one general
Egypt to another
Most of Persia to the other
66. What was Alexander’s most lasting achievement?
His most lasting achievement was the spreading of Greek culture
67. What was the name of the new culture that emerged after Alexander’s death that
blended Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian influences?
Hellenistic civilization
68. Describe Alexandria. Where was it located? Be sure you know what the Pharos is.
At the heart of the Hellenistic world was the city of Alexandria, located in Egypt.
Its markets boasted a wide range of goods including Greek marble, Arabian spices and East
African ivory.
It was home to 1 million people
Among the city’s marvelous sights was the Pharos, an enormous lighthouse 440 feet tall.
Alexander encouraged the work of scholars. Alexandrians built the great Museum as the center
of learning. Its library had thousands of scrolls representing the accumulated knowledge of the
ancient world.
69. What did the architecture of the Hellenistic period reflect?
reflected the desire of Hellenistic rulers to glorify themselves as godlike.
70. What was the most influential new school of philosophy during the Hellenistic age?
Stoicism
71. How did Zeno, the founder of Stoicism, urge people to get past disappointments?
calmly accepting whatever life brought.
72. What did Stoics preach and teach?
Stoics preached high moral standards, They taught that all people, including women and slaves,
though unequal in society, were morally equal because all had the power of reason.
73. Fill in the major accomplishment for the following Greeks:
a. Pythagoras
derived a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right
triangle.
b. Euclid
wrote The Elements, a textbook that became the basis for modern geometry
c. Aristarchus
argued that the Earth rotated on its axis and orbited the sun
d. Eratosthenes
showed that the Earth was round and accurately calculated its circumference.
e. Archimedes
applied principles of physics to make practical inventions
f. Hippocrates
a Greek physician, studied the causes of illnesses and looked for cures
74. What is the Hippocratic Oath?
Oath attributed to him set ethical standards for doctors to “help the sick according to my ability and
judgment but never with a view of injury and wrong.”