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Tondo with Athena and aegis. Roman mosaic from Tusculum, the 3rd century CE framed with a modern mosaic from the 18th century, Vatican Museums
‫פאלאס אתנה הינה אחת מהאלות המעניינות ביותר במיתולוגיה היוונית‪.‬‬
‫נדמה כי היא שילוב מוזר של אלפי תכונות שאינן מתאימות יחדיו‪.‬‬
‫לעיתים ילדה סוררת‪ ,‬לעיתים לוחמת אכזרית ולעיתים רודפת חכמה וצדק‪.‬‬
‫מצד אחד‪ ,‬היא אנושית מאד‪ ,‬מהצד השני‪ ,‬אלוהית עד כדי כך שבלתי אפשרי‬
‫לראות בה צד אנושי‪ .‬מחד היא מייצגת את הנשגב‪ ,‬תכונות אלוהיות שהאדם‬
‫שואף להגיע אליהן כל חייו‪ ,‬ומאידך‪ ,‬יש בה גאווה שאינה יודעת די‪ ,‬והיא‬
‫אכזרית בדיוק כשם שהיא מייצגת את הנערץ‪.‬‬
‫‪Elihu Vedder ,‬‬
‫‪Mosaic of Minerva , 1897‬‬
‫‪Library of Congress, Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C‬‬
Athena Promachos ‫בקרבות היא כונתה אתנה פרומכוס‬
Leo von Klenze, Reconstruction of the Acropolis and Areus Pagus in Athens, 1846
Statuette of Athena Promachos
This statuette is the most faithful reproduction of the statue erected by archon Hippocleides, in 566 BCE at the time
of the Panathenaia festival. About 470 BCE
We can distinguished two dresses under the himation pleaten to the knees, while behind we can see the long aegis that reveals the
curve of the Goddess's back. It should be covered with a leaf of gold. The top of the Attic helmet is derived from the motif of the
swan neck. The whole statue is sculpted for only a point of view. The opposition that exists among the severe face, that places this
work about 470 BCE, and the schematism of the dress pleats has been explained due to a certain archaic taste understandable in
an official work.
Athens, National Archaeological Museum
Athena Promachos
from Pisoni's villa at Herculaneum , 1st century
Naples Archaeological Museum
Peter Paul Rubens
Minerva slaying Discord, 1632-1634
Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 150
(trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"After Juno [Hera] saw that Epaphus, born of a
concubine, ruled such a great kingdom, she saw
to it that he should be killed while hunting, and
encouraged the Titanes to drive Jove [Zeus]
from the kingdom and restore it to Saturnus
[Kronos]. When they tried to mount to heaven,
Jove [Zeus] with the help of Minerva [Athena],
Apollo, and Diana [Artemis], cast them headlong
into Tartarus. On Atlas, who had been their
leader, he put the vault of the sky; even now he
is said to hold up the sky on his shoulders."
Joachim Wtewael, The Battle Between the Gods and the Titans, 1600, Art Institute of Chicago
‫אתנה במלחמה עם הגיגנטים‬
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 35 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"There was an oracle among the gods that they themselves would not be able to destroy any of the Gigantes, but would finish them off only
with the help of some mortal ally … With Athena’s help he [Zeus] called for Herakles to be his ally. Herakles first sent an arrow at Alkyoneus,
who by falling to the earth recovered somewhat. Athena advised Herakles to drag him outside of Pallene, which he did, and Alkyoneus
thereupon died. In the course of the battle . . .
[During the battle of the gods and Gigantes:] As Enkelados was fleeing, Athena threw the island of Sikelia (Sicily) in his direction. She stripped
off the skin of Pallas and used it to protect her own body during the battle."
Athena battles a pair of serpent-footed Gigantes in the War of the Giants
Marble Relief sculpture, C2nd BC
Istanbul Archaeological Museum
The Gigantomachia
Attic red-figure neck amphora, c. 410-400 BC
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 28 (trans. Celoria) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Typhon was the son of Ge (the Earth), a deity monstrous because of his strength, and of outlandish appearance. There grew out of him
numerous heads and hands and wings, while from his thighs came huge coils of snakes. He emitted all kinds of roars and nothing could
resist his might. Typhon felt an urge to usurp the rule of Zeus and not one of the gods could withstand him as he attacked. In panic they
fled to Aigyptos (Egypt), all except Athena and Zeus, who alone were left. Typhon hunted after them, on their track. When they fled they
had changed themselves in anticipation into animal forms."
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 4. 235 ff
(trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) :
"Typhoeus, boasting that already the kingdom of the sky and
already the stars were won, felt aggrieved that Bacchus
[Dionysos] in the van [of a chariot] and Pallas, foremost of the
gods, and a maiden’s snakes [Athena’s aegis] confronted him."
Detail of the winged, serpent-legged giant Typhoeus
Chalcidian Black Figure, Hydria, 540 BC
Antiken-sammlungen, Munich
Bartholomäus Spranger
Athena conquering Ignorance, 1593
Künsthistorische Museum, Wien
‫ ואף היא משתתפת‬,‫פעמים רבות מופיעה האלה במיתולוגיה בשדות קרב שונים‬
‫ בה היא פוצעת את ארס (אל המלחמה‬,‫ מלחמת טרויה‬-‫באחד מהאדירים שבהם‬
.)‫מקבילו של מרס הרומי‬
Homer, Iliad 5. 27 ff :
"Now as the high-hearted Trojans watched the two [Trojan] sons of Dares,
one running away, and one cut down by the side of his chariot [by the
Greeks], the anger in all of them was stirred. But grey-eyed Athene took
violent Ares by the hand, and in words she spoke to him: ‘Ares, Ares,
manslaughtering, blood-stained, stormer of strong walls, shall we not leave
the Trojans and Akhaians to struggle after whatever way Zeus father
grants glory to either while we two give ground together and avoid Zeus'
anger?’
So she spoke, and led violent Ares out of the fighting and afterwards
caused him to sit down by the sands of Skamandros while the Danaans
[Greeks] bent the Trojans back."
SUVÉE, Joseph-Benoit
The Combat of Mars and Minerva, 1771
Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lille
DAVID, Jacques-Louis
The Combat of Mars and Minerva , 1771
Musée du Louvre, Paris
VERONESE, Paolo
Minerva Sending Away Mars from Peace and
Prosperity, 1576-77
Palazzo Ducale, Venice
Aphaea ‫אתנה קושרה עם האלה האגאית המקומית‬
Colourful Reconstruction of the archaic Eastern pediment of the Temple of Aphaia at Aegina describing
the 1st Trojan war (not the one described by Homer)
Colourful Reconstruction of the archaic Western pediment of the Temple of Aphaia at Aegina describing the
2nd Trojan war
Aphaea )Greek: Ἀφαία, Aphaía( was a Greek goddess who was worshipped
almost exclusively at a single sanctuary on the island of Aegina in the
Saronic Gulf. She originated as early as the 14th century BCE as a local
deity associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle. Under Athenian
hegemony, however, she came to be identified with the goddesses Athena
and Artemis and with the nymph Britomartis as well, by the 2nd century
CE, the time of Pausanias:
On Aigina as one goes toward the mountain of Pan-Greek Zeus, the
sanctuary of Aphaia comes up, for whom Pindar composed an ode at the
behest of the Aeginetans. The Cretans say (the myths about her are native
to Crete) that Euboulos was the son of Kharmanor, who purified Apollo of
the killing of the Python, and they say that Britomartis was the daughter of
Zeus and Kharme (the daughter of this Euboulos). She enjoyed races and
hunts and was particularly dear to Artemis. While fleeing from Minos, who
lusted after her, she cast herself into nets cast for a catch of fish. Artemis
made her a goddess, and not only the Cretans but also the Aeginetans
revere her. The Aeginetans say that Britomartis showed herself to them on
their island. Her epithet among the Aeginetans is Aphaia, and it is Diktynna
of the Nets on Crete. Description of Greece 2.30.3
The smiling Athena, from the Aphaia Temple in Aegina
‫בשונה מאָרֶ ס (אל המלחמה)‪ ,‬חמום המוח שאינו מהימן בקרב (היה בצד המפסיד במלחמת טרויה)‪ ,‬אתנה התרכזה באסטרטגיה וטקטיקות‪ .‬אתנה‬
‫עזרה ליוונים במלחמת כנגד טרויה (הייתה בצד המנצחים) ‪ ,‬וליוותה את אודיסאוס הערמומי בדרכו חזרה לביתו‪ ,‬כשהיא משמשת בעצם פטרוניתו‪.‬‬
‫פאלאס אתנה ‪ -‬האלה תכולת העין‪" :‬שנינו יודעים די תעלולים‪ .‬בשל כך אתה הוא העליון שבאנשים בני התמותה‪ ,‬לסיפור ולעצה‪ .‬אולם אני העליונה מבין האלים בני האלמוות‬
‫בפקחות ובתעלולים‪ ".‬אתנה לאודיסאוס (יוליסס)‪.‬‬
‫‪Giuseppe Bottani‬‬
‫‪Athena disguises Ulyssess as a beggar, 1775‬‬
‫‪Giuseppe Bottani‬‬
‫‪Athena revealing Ithaca to Ulysses, 1775‬‬
Louis Jean-Francois Lagrenee
Ulysses recognized by his nurse, 1725-1805
‫כאשר ברא פרומתיאוס את האדם הוא עשה זאת‬
‫בהדרכתה ותחת השגחתה של אתנה אשר העניקה‬
.‫לאדם את החכמה‬
The creation of man by Prometheus , Guided by Athena .
Marble relief, Italy, 3rd century CE .
Musée du Louvre, Paris
The creation of the first man
Prometheus, guided by Athena, is modeling the first man.
Detail of a Roman sarcophagus , 4th century CE
Museo Capitolino, Rome
The creation of the first man
Prometheus, guided by Athena, is modeling the first man.
Detail of a Roman sarcophagus, 3-6 century CE
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Christian Griepenkerl,
Prometheus watches Athena endow his creation with reason, 1877,
Augusteum (Oldenburg)
Painted in 1802 by Jean-Simon Berthélemy, painted again by Jean-Baptste Mauzaisse in 1826,
Prometheus creating man in the presence of Athena, fresco, Louvre Museum
Louis de Silvestre
The Creation of Man by Prometheus with the
Aid of Minerva, 1702
Musée Fabre
Hesiod, Theogony 561 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or 7th B.C.) :
"He [Zeus] made an evil thing for men as the price of fire; for the very
famous Limping God [Hephaistos] formed of earth the likeness of a shy
maiden [i.e. Pandora, the first woman,] as the son of Kronos [Zeus] willed.
And the goddess bright-eyed Athene girded and clothed her with silvery
raiment, and down from her head she spread with her hands a broidered
veil, a wonder to see; and she, Pallas Athene, put about her head lovely
garlands, flowers of new-grown herbs. Also she put upon her head a
crown of gold which the very famous Limping God [Hephaistos] made
himself and worked with his own hands as a favour to Zeus his father . . .
But when he had made the beautiful evil to be the price for the blessing,
he brought her out, delighting in the finery which the bright-eyed daughter
[Athena] of a mighty father had given her, to the place where the other
gods and men were. And wonder took hold of the deathless gods and
mortal men when they saw that which was sheer guile, not to be
withstood by men."
The creation of Pandora.
Red-figure kylix, interior. Attic.
By the Tarquinia Painter Ca. 470—460 BCE.
The British Museum, London
Hephaestus created Pandora out of soil and water, beautiful as a goddess, and
Athena clothed her in shining clothes and put necklaces on her. On the picture
Pandora is named Anesidora. Both names are the ancient nicknames of the Earth
giving rich gifts.
‫אתונה‬
‫אתנה התחרתה עם פוסידון על תואר האל‪-‬פטרון של העיר אתונה‪ .‬הם הסכימו שכל אחד יתן לאתונאים‬
‫מתנה אחת והאתונאים יחליטו איזו מתנה הם מעדיפים‪.‬‬
‫פוסידון הכה על האדמה בקלשונו‪ ,‬ומעין התפרץ מהבקע; המים היו מלוחים ולא שמישים במיוחד‪.‬‬
‫לעומתו‪ ,‬אתנה נתנה לאתונאים את עץ הזית הראשון שלהם‪ .‬האתונאים (או מלכם‪ ,‬קקרופס) קיבלו את עץ‬
‫הזית‪ ,‬והפכו את אתנה לפטרוניתם‪ ,‬כיוון שהעץ נתן להם מזון‪ ,‬שמן ועץ לבניה‪.‬‬
‫אתנה הייתה אלה פטרונית של ערים נוספות‪ ,‬המפורסמת שבהם היא ספרטה‪.‬‬
‫‪Dispute de Minerve et de Neptune, 19e siècle, bronze,‬‬
‫‪Ecouen, musée national de la Renaissance‬‬
Plato, Menexenus 237c (trans. Fowler) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) :
"Our country [Athens] is deserving of praise, not only from us but
from all men, on many grounds, but first and foremost because she
is god-beloved. The strife of the gods who contended over her [i.e.
Athena and Poseidon] and their judgement testify to the truth of our
statement."
Athena and Poseidon.
Side A from a Faliscan
red-figure volute-krater, 360 BC
Musée du Louvre, Paris,
Domenico Beccafumi, The Contest between Minerva and Neptune, 1524-1525, Fresco ,Palazzo Casini Casuccini Siena
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 14. 1
(trans. Frazer) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Kekrops, a son of the soil, with a body compounded of man and serpent, was the
first king of Attika . . . In his time, they say, the gods resolved to take possession of
cities in which each of them should receive his own peculiar worship. So Poseidon
was the first that came to Attika, and with a blow of his trident on the middle of
the acropolis, he produced a sea which they now call Erekhtheis. After him came
Athena, and, having called on Kekrops to witness her act of taking possession, she
planted an olive tree, which is still shown in the Pandrosion. But when the two
strove for possession of the country, Zeus parted them and appointed arbiters, not,
as some have affirmed, Kekrops and Kranaus, nor yet Erysikhthon, but the twelve
gods (dodekatheoi). And in accordance with their verdict the country was adjudged
to Athena, because Kekrops bore witness that she had been the first to plant the
olive. Athena, therefore, called the city Athens after herself, and Poseidon in hot
anger flooded the Thriasian plain and laid Attika under the sea."
Garofaldo
Poseidon and Athena, 1512.
Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden .
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 24. 5 :
"As you enter the temple [of Athena on the
Akropolis at Athens] that they name the
Parthenon, all the sculptures you see on
what is called . . . the rear pediment
represent the contest for the land between
Athena and Poseidon."
Antonio Lombardo,
The Contest between Minerva and Neptune, c. 1508
The Hermitage, St. Petersburg
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 27. 1 :
"[Near the temple of Athena Polias on the
Akropolis of Athens:] About the olive tree
they have nothing to say except that it was
testimony the goddess produced when she
contended for their land. Legend also says
that when the Persians fired Athens the olive
was burnt down, but on the very day it was
burnt it grew again to the height of two
cubits."
Noël HALLÉ
Dispute de Minerve et Neptune pour donner un
nom à la ville d'Athènes , 1748
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 164
(trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"When there was a contest between Neptunus
[Poseidon] and Minerva [Athena] as to who should be
the first to found a town in the Attic land, they took
Jove [Zeus] as judge. Minerva [Athena] won because
she first planted the olive in that land, said to be
there to this day. But Neptunus [Poseidon], in anger,
wanted to have the sea flood that land. Mercurius
[Hermes], at Jove's [Zeus'] command, forbade his
doing that. And so Minerva [Athena] in her own
name founded Athens, a town said to be the first
established in the world."
Merry-Joseph Blondel
The dispute between Minerva and Neptune.
Ovid, Metamorphoses 6. 70 ff
(trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"The rock of Mavors [Ares] in Cecrops' citadel is
Pallas' [Athena's] picture [in her weaving contest
with Arakhne] and that old dispute about he name
of Athens. Twelve great gods, Jove [Zeus] in their
midst, sit there on lofty thrones, grave and august,
each pictured with his own familiar features: Jove
[Zeus] in regal grace, the Sea-God [Poseidon]
standing, striking the rough rock with his tall
trident, and the wounded rock gushing sea-brine,
his proof to clinch his claim. Herself she gives a
shield, she gives a spear sharp-tipped, she gives a
helmet for her head; the aegis guards her breast,
and from the earth struck by her spear, she shows
an olive tree, springing pale-green with berries on
the boughs; the gods admire; and Victoria [Nike]
Rene Antoine Houasse,
Dispute between Minerva and Neptune over the naming of the City of Athens, 1689-1706
ends the work."
‫ היא נשאה את הכינוי‬,‫כמגינת העיר אתונה ואקרופוליס‬
.)‫ (של העיר‬Athena Polias ‫אתנה פוליאס‬
Auguste Rodin,
Pallas with the Parthenon, 1896
Palais des Beaux-arts, Lille
Ippolito Caffi, The Partenon, c.1863, Galleria internazionale d'arte moderna , Venezia
KLENZE, Leo von
The Acropolis at Athens, 1846
Neue Pinakothek, Munich
.‫ כן היא גדולה בשלום‬,‫כפי שהיא גדולה במלחמה‬
‫אתנה היא היחידה מכל האלים שעמדה כמגינת‬
‫הארץ מפני פולשים אשר תקפו אותה מבחוץ‬
‫(בניגוד לשאר אלי הקרב שנלחמו במלחמות‬
.)‫שמחוץ לגבול או במלחמות בין יושבי הארץ‬
So-called “Mattei Athena”- “ The Peaceful Athena” Marble, Roman copy from
the 1st century BC/AD after a Greek original of the 4th century BC, attributed to
Cephisodotos or Euphranor. Related to the bronze Piraeus Athena.
Musée du Louvre, Paris
:‫מקורות‬
http://www.theoi.com//AthenaCult
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/Athena
http://www.mlahanas.de//AthenaGallery
http://www.maicar.com/Athena
http://www.goddess-athena.org
http://www.artcyclopedia.com./Minerva
http://commons.wikimedia.org//Athena
Syracuse. Pyrrhos. 278-276 BC. Æ Litra (24mm, 10.44 g, 4h).
Head of Herakles left, wearing lion skin; [cornucopia behind]
Athena Promachos right; wreath to left.
‫אסף פלר‬:‫עריכה‬
,‫שלום לך‬
‫אני מזמין אותך לבקר באתר המצגות שלי‬
‫ולהנות ממצגות נוספות‬
‫ אסף פלר‬,‫להתראות‬
http://assaffeller.com
Athena PromacosOenochoe fragment, c.410 BC
Museum of the Agora of Athens