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Entomology for Master Gardeners OSU Master Gardener Assoc. Created by Marsha Walte of Lane County Course Objectives: To know basic insect anatomy and life cycles To identify common insects and other arthropods according to their class and order Basic Insect Anatomy Head Thorax Abdomen 3 Body Parts & 6 Legs Ovipositor Cerci Spiracles= Breathing Holes Sensory Organs Arthropods have protective exoskeletons Kingdom: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Classification Phylum: Mollusca (Snails), Arthropoda Class: Centipedes, Millipedes, Arachnida, Insects Order: Beetles, Flies, Butterflies/moths, True Bugs, bees/ants, e.g. Family…Genus… Species Carolus Linnaeus Insects are identified by recognizing differences in mouthparts, antennae, leg structure, wings, body type and particular appendages. Mouthparts Adapted for Survival Proboscis, Stylet, Beak, Mandibles Insects can have chewing or sucking mouthparts, or a combination of piercing/lapping/rasping/sucking mouthparts Chewing Mouthparts Mandibles Sucking Mouthparts Modified Chewing & Sucking Mouths Rasping Sucking Thrips Sponging Chewing Lapping Sucking Flies Biting Flies (scissors) Bees Plant damage gives clues to the type of mouth the insect had. Moths Chief Use of Antennae: SMELLING Butterfly-clubbed Wasp-geniculate Mosquito-Plumose EarwigFiliform TermiteMonofiliform Moth-Plumose Leg Structure Femur Trochanter (Honey Bee) Tibia Coxa (Grasshopper) (Beetle) (Water Beetle) Tarsus (Louse) (Mole Cricket) (Mantis) Raptorial Legs Wings Insects are the only arthropods with wings. WINGS=ptera Wing type is the most important clue in identifying insect orders Metamorphosis: Change in characteristics from egg to adult Learn about the life cycle of the pest and determine most critical stage or timing for controls Complete Metamorphosis 88% Each instar completion ends with molting instars Growth changes from egg to adult Eggs Beetle Larvae No Prolegs Short Thoracic Legs Long Thoracic Legs All have well developed head capsules Looper 1 to 3 sets of prolegs Butterfly/Moth Larvae CATERPILLAR=4 pair of abdominal prolegs + 1 pair of anal prolegs Fly larvae No Legs-No Head Capsule SAWFLY =6 or more sets of prolegs Butterfly Pupae MOTH BEETLE PUPAE WASP Complete Metamorphosis Adults Bees & Ants Beetles Butterflies & Moths Lacewings Flies Incomplete/Gradual/Simple Metamorphosis 12% Each instar completion ends with molting Nymphs have the same diet as the adults instars Gradual/Incomplete Metamorphosis Nymphs True Bugs Wing pads Dragonfly Naiad Grasshopper Gradual/Incomplete Metamorphosis Adults Aphid Dragonfly Grasshopper True Bug Mantis Identifying Common Arthropods as to their Order Order: Coleoptera Beetles: sheath-wing Characteristics: 1. Complete metamorphosis 2. Chewing mouth parts Elytron 3. Hard wing covers (elytra) 4. Membranous hind wings Membranous Hind Wing Look for the straight line Weevils Are Beetles Order Coleoptera 2 pr. Wings, top is hardened, bottom is membranous Chewing mouth Beetles & Weevils Order:Lepidoptera Characteristics: 1. Complete metamorphosis 2. Sucking mouth parts 3. Usually four wings covered with overlapping scales 4. Adults Beneficial pollinators, larvae can do damage Butterfly and Moth Differences Butterflies fly during the day, moths at night Butterflies have a Chrysalis Moths have a Cocoon Butterflies have clubbed antennae Moths usually have plumose or filiform antennae Butterflies hold their wings together when feeding or resting, moths hold theirs flat Complete Metamorphosis Clearwing Moths Snailcase Bagworm… Wingless Moth Plume Moths Gypsy Moth Inspect vehicles for gypsy moth egg masses Lepidoptera Larvae Order Lepidopthera 2 pr. scale wings w/scales Coiled sucking mouthpart Butterflies & Moths Butterfly Moth Hymenoptera Order: Characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4. Complete metamorphosis Chewing/sucking/lapping mouth parts Often has cinched waist 4 clear wings when present, hind wings smaller than forewings 5. Many social 6. Many beneficial 7. Only insects with Hamuli stingers Wasps Bees Ants Horntails Sawflies Complete Metamorphosis Chewing-lapping Mouthparts Bald-faced hornet and nest Yellow jacket and nest Paper Wasp Leafcutter Bee Horntail Mud Dauber Velvet-Ant (Wasp) Terro Little Black Ants-House Pests Carpenter Ants- Structure pest Recommend a PCO Modoc Carpenter Ant-Most Common Carpenter ant size variation in the same nest Various Carpenter ant species Frass Vicinus Carpenter Ant Galleries are clean Ants Milking Aphids for Honeydew Worker Ants Winged Reproductive Ants Check the wing Venation on reproductives Thorax not completely Smooth on Reproductives Carpenter Bees Leaf Cutter Bees Mossy Rose Gall Gall Wasp Pear Slug/Cherry Slug…Sawfly Order Hymenoptera 2 pr. membranous wings, forewing is larger than hindwing Chewing/lapping mouthparts Bees, Wasps, Horntails, Ants, Sawflies Order: Diptera Characteristics: 1. Complete metamorphosis 2. One pair of membranous wings 3. Large compound eyes 4. Halteres for balance/mobility 5. Some mimic bees and wasps 6. Piercing/sucking/or sponging mouth parts 7. Worst carrier of disease Compound eyes Halteres Proboscis of biting midge Fly Life Cycle Characteristics of Flies Only flies have this type of antennae Gnats, Midges, & Mosquitoes Gnats Mosquitoes Midges Order Diptera 1 pr. Wings Halteres Sucking/Sponging Slicing Mouth Flies, Gnats, Midges, Mosquitoes Order: Hemiptera/ True Bugs Characteristics: 1. Incomplete metamorphosis 2. Piercing /sucking mouth 3. Beak attached to front ofScutellum head &held beneath body 4. Leathery half wing with membranous end 5. Large triangular scutellum Hemiptera Life Stages Tarnished Plant Bug Piercing and sucking mouth Beak attached to front of head &held beneath body Half leathery front wings with membranous ends Leathery top Membranous Hind Wings Membranous end Damsel Bug Boxelder Bordered PlantBugs Bug Stink Bugs Boxelder Bugs Nuisance Pest Nymph Lygus bug These small bugs can become a household nuisance pest when high numbers get indoors! Seed bug- Arhyssus barberi Feeds in weedy and grassy fields Hemiptera/Heteroptera Giant Water Bug Chinch Bug Bedbugs Leaf-footed Plant Bug Order Hemiptera 2 pr. Wings, top ones are Half leathery & half membranous Large scutellum Piercing-sucking mouthpart True bugs: stink bugs, squash bugs, boxelder bugs, assassin bugs X Order: Homoptera Characteristics: 1. Incomplete metamorphosis Look for ( also by parthenogenesis) the cornicles! 2. Piercing/sucking mouth 3. Beak attached to base of head 4. Wings, if present, fold roof shaped over back of insect 5. Produces honeydew 6. Many responsible for the spread of plant viruses Aphids Aphids reproduce by parthenogenesis Aphids come in many colors and varieties Woolly aphid Black willow aphids Aphid Damage Sooty mold Honeydew Mealybugs Scale Insects Male adult scale Female adult scale Scale and Honeydew Oystershell Scale on Houseplant Releasing Honeydew Cottony cushion scales Mother scale with crawlers Azalea bark scale Whiteflies Cicada Adult Cicada nymph Spittlebugs Leafhoppers Psyllids Adelgids(Only on conifers) Order Homoptera 2 pr. Membranous Wings held like a roof Piercing-sucking mouth From the front of the head Aphids, scales, whiteflies, mealybugs, psyllids, adelgids, cicadas, leafhoppers Grasshoppers/locusts Characteristics: Order: Orthoptera (Straight Wings) 1. Incomplete metamorphosis 2. Chewing mouth 3. Straight leathery front wings 4. Hind wings folded fanlike 5. Powerful hind legs with spines Hind wings folded like fans Field Cricket Katydids Jerusalem Cricket Mole Cricket Order Orthoptera •2 pr. wings, top one straight and leathery, hind one fanned •Chewing mouth •Powerful hind legs with spines e.g., Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets & katydids Characteristics: 1. 2 pr. Of similar length, membranous wings 2. Chewing mouthparts 3. Beaded antennae 4. Caste system 5. Symbiotic relationship Indoor termites: Refer to a PCO Termites Order: Isoptera (Equal Wings) Dampwood Termites Subterranean termites Reproductive Queen Worker Soldier Termite Damage Shelter tubes of the Subterranean Termites • Carpenter Ants vs. Termites Order Isoptera 2 pr. of equal sized membranous wings Chewing mouth Beaded antennae Termites Characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chewing mouthparts 2 pr. equal sized wings Long slender body, huge eyes Incomplete metamorphosis Aquatic in pre-adult life Beneficial insects Order: Odonata Meaning Toothed Dragonfly Damselflies Naiad Characteristics: 1. 2 pr. membranous wings held like a tent 2. Chewing mouth parts 3. larvae and some adults are beneficial predators 4. Complete metamorphosis Neuroptera (Nerve Wing) Green lacewing and larva Brown Lacewing Antlions Doodlebug (larva) Snakefly adult and larvae Characteristics: 1. Forewing short and leathery 2. Pincher-like cerci 3. Incomplete metamorphosis Order: Dermaptera (Leather wings) Earwigs Male Female with brood Characteristics: 1. Rasping/sucking mouth 2. 2 pr. Of fringed wings held flat over body 3. Parthenogenesis/ Complete/Incomp. meta. 4. Can be plant disease vector Order: Thysanoptera Western thrips (Fringe wings) Thrips Damage Order: Collembola Characteristics: no metamorph., May have a furcula which propels insect a few inches into the air Springtails Globular Springtail Order: Siphonoptera Fleas are a vector of disease (Bubonic Plague) and can transmit tapeworm in cats Order: Mantodea Characteristics: Raptorial forelegs, leathery forewings, eggs in foamy ootheca Mantids House Pests Cockroaches Order Blattodea Psocid Firebrat Silverfish Non-Insect Arthropods to Know Snails & Slugs Beneficial Decollate Snails Illegal in Oregon Horsehair Worm Sowbug Centipede Millipede Pillbug/Rolly Polly Garden Symphylan Nematodes • Beetles carry nematode parasites to other sites Stylet Spider mites Aracnida Blister Mites Blister mite on grapes Blister mite on pear Spiders Abdomen Cephalothorax Palp Spider Bites Black Widow Spiders Black Widow Spiders Immature Female Female Male Brown Recluse 6 eyes Aggressive House Spider (Hobo) Good Spiders Funnel web spider Common Grass Spider Crab spider Jumping Spider Orb Web Spiders Black and yellow garden spider Wolf Spider Harvestman Non-spider Long-leg Cellar Spider Wolf Nursery Web Dictynids Fennel Weavers Jumping Spider Recognizing spiders by their eye patterns Recluse Ticks, Carriers of Lyme Disease & Rocky Mtn. Spotted fever Deer Ticks M F M F F Tick Proboscis Scorpions Pseudoscorpion Windscorpion/Sunspiders Lice What order is this? What order is this? What order is this? What order is this What order is this? The End