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Entomology for
Master Gardeners
OSU Master Gardener Assoc.
Created by Marsha Walte
of Lane County
Course
Objectives:
To know basic insect anatomy and life cycles
To identify common insects and other arthropods according to
their class and order
Basic Insect Anatomy
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
3 Body Parts & 6 Legs
Ovipositor
Cerci
Spiracles=
Breathing Holes
Sensory Organs
Arthropods have
protective
exoskeletons
Kingdom: Monera, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Classification
Phylum: Mollusca (Snails),
Arthropoda
Class: Centipedes, Millipedes,
Arachnida, Insects
Order: Beetles, Flies,
Butterflies/moths, True
Bugs, bees/ants, e.g.
Family…Genus…
Species
Carolus Linnaeus
Insects are identified by
recognizing differences in
mouthparts, antennae, leg
structure, wings, body type
and particular appendages.
Mouthparts
Adapted for Survival
Proboscis, Stylet, Beak, Mandibles
Insects can have chewing or sucking
mouthparts, or a combination of
piercing/lapping/rasping/sucking
mouthparts
Chewing Mouthparts
Mandibles
Sucking Mouthparts
Modified Chewing & Sucking
Mouths
Rasping Sucking
Thrips
Sponging
Chewing Lapping
Sucking Flies
Biting Flies (scissors)
Bees
Plant damage gives clues to the
type of mouth the insect had.
Moths
Chief Use of Antennae:
SMELLING
Butterfly-clubbed
Wasp-geniculate
Mosquito-Plumose
EarwigFiliform
TermiteMonofiliform
Moth-Plumose
Leg Structure
Femur
Trochanter
(Honey Bee)
Tibia
Coxa
(Grasshopper)
(Beetle)
(Water Beetle)
Tarsus
(Louse)
(Mole Cricket)
(Mantis)
Raptorial Legs
Wings
Insects are the
only arthropods
with wings.
WINGS=ptera
Wing type is the
most important
clue in
identifying
insect orders
Metamorphosis:
Change in characteristics
from egg to adult
Learn about the life cycle of the
pest and determine most critical
stage or timing for controls
Complete Metamorphosis
88%
Each instar
completion
ends with
molting
instars
Growth changes from egg to adult
Eggs
Beetle Larvae
No Prolegs
Short Thoracic
Legs
Long Thoracic
Legs
All have well
developed head
capsules
Looper 1 to 3 sets of prolegs
Butterfly/Moth Larvae
CATERPILLAR=4 pair of abdominal
prolegs + 1 pair of anal prolegs
Fly larvae
No Legs-No Head Capsule
SAWFLY =6 or more sets of prolegs
Butterfly
Pupae
MOTH
BEETLE PUPAE
WASP
Complete
Metamorphosis
Adults
Bees & Ants
Beetles
Butterflies & Moths
Lacewings
Flies
Incomplete/Gradual/Simple Metamorphosis
12%
Each instar
completion
ends with
molting
Nymphs have the same diet as the adults
instars
Gradual/Incomplete
Metamorphosis
Nymphs
True Bugs
Wing pads
Dragonfly Naiad
Grasshopper
Gradual/Incomplete
Metamorphosis Adults
Aphid
Dragonfly
Grasshopper
True Bug
Mantis
Identifying Common Arthropods
as to their Order
Order: Coleoptera
Beetles: sheath-wing
Characteristics:
1. Complete metamorphosis
2. Chewing mouth parts
Elytron
3. Hard wing covers (elytra)
4. Membranous hind wings
Membranous
Hind Wing
Look for the
straight line
Weevils
Are Beetles
Order Coleoptera
2 pr. Wings, top is
hardened, bottom is
membranous
Chewing mouth
Beetles & Weevils
Order:Lepidoptera
Characteristics:
1. Complete metamorphosis
2. Sucking mouth parts
3. Usually four wings covered
with overlapping scales
4. Adults Beneficial pollinators,
larvae can do damage
Butterfly and Moth Differences
Butterflies fly during the day, moths at night
Butterflies
have a
Chrysalis
Moths have a Cocoon
Butterflies have
clubbed antennae
Moths usually have plumose
or filiform antennae
Butterflies hold their wings
together when feeding or resting, moths
hold theirs flat
Complete
Metamorphosis
Clearwing Moths
Snailcase Bagworm…
Wingless Moth
Plume Moths
Gypsy Moth
Inspect vehicles for gypsy moth
egg masses
Lepidoptera Larvae
Order Lepidopthera
2 pr. scale wings w/scales
Coiled sucking mouthpart
Butterflies & Moths
Butterfly
Moth
Hymenoptera Order:
Characteristics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Complete metamorphosis
Chewing/sucking/lapping mouth parts
Often has cinched waist
4 clear wings when present, hind wings
smaller than forewings
5. Many social
6. Many beneficial
7. Only insects with
Hamuli
stingers
Wasps
Bees
Ants
Horntails
Sawflies
Complete Metamorphosis
Chewing-lapping Mouthparts
Bald-faced hornet and nest
Yellow jacket and nest
Paper Wasp
Leafcutter Bee
Horntail
Mud Dauber
Velvet-Ant (Wasp)
Terro
Little Black Ants-House Pests
Carpenter Ants- Structure pest
Recommend
a PCO
Modoc Carpenter Ant-Most
Common
Carpenter ant
size variation in
the same nest
Various Carpenter ant species
Frass
Vicinus Carpenter Ant
Galleries are clean
Ants Milking Aphids for
Honeydew
Worker Ants
Winged Reproductive Ants
Check the wing
Venation on
reproductives
Thorax not completely
Smooth on Reproductives
Carpenter Bees
Leaf Cutter Bees
Mossy Rose Gall
Gall Wasp
Pear Slug/Cherry
Slug…Sawfly
Order Hymenoptera
2 pr. membranous wings,
forewing is larger than hindwing
Chewing/lapping mouthparts
Bees, Wasps, Horntails,
Ants, Sawflies
Order: Diptera
Characteristics:
1. Complete metamorphosis
2. One pair of membranous wings
3. Large compound eyes
4. Halteres for balance/mobility
5. Some mimic bees and wasps
6. Piercing/sucking/or sponging
mouth parts
7. Worst carrier of disease
Compound eyes
Halteres
Proboscis of biting midge
Fly Life Cycle
Characteristics of Flies
Only flies have this type of antennae
Gnats, Midges, & Mosquitoes
Gnats
Mosquitoes
Midges
Order Diptera
1 pr. Wings
Halteres
Sucking/Sponging
Slicing Mouth
Flies, Gnats, Midges, Mosquitoes
Order: Hemiptera/ True Bugs
Characteristics:
1. Incomplete
metamorphosis
2. Piercing /sucking mouth
3. Beak attached to front ofScutellum
head &held beneath body
4. Leathery half wing with
membranous end
5. Large triangular
scutellum
Hemiptera Life Stages
Tarnished Plant Bug
Piercing and sucking mouth
Beak attached to front of
head &held beneath body
Half leathery front wings with membranous ends
Leathery top
Membranous Hind
Wings
Membranous
end
Damsel Bug
Boxelder
Bordered
PlantBugs
Bug
Stink Bugs
Boxelder Bugs
Nuisance Pest
Nymph
Lygus bug
These small bugs can become a
household nuisance pest when
high numbers get indoors!
Seed bug- Arhyssus barberi
Feeds in weedy and grassy fields
Hemiptera/Heteroptera
Giant Water Bug
Chinch Bug
Bedbugs
Leaf-footed Plant Bug
Order Hemiptera
2 pr. Wings, top ones are
Half leathery & half membranous
Large scutellum
Piercing-sucking mouthpart
True bugs: stink bugs,
squash bugs, boxelder
bugs, assassin bugs
X
Order: Homoptera
Characteristics:
1. Incomplete metamorphosis
Look for
( also by parthenogenesis)
the cornicles!
2. Piercing/sucking mouth
3. Beak attached to base of head
4. Wings, if present, fold roof
shaped over back of insect
5. Produces honeydew
6. Many responsible for the
spread of plant viruses
Aphids
Aphids reproduce by
parthenogenesis
Aphids come in many colors
and varieties
Woolly aphid
Black willow aphids
Aphid Damage
Sooty mold
Honeydew
Mealybugs
Scale Insects
Male adult scale
Female adult scale
Scale and Honeydew
Oystershell Scale
on Houseplant
Releasing Honeydew
Cottony cushion scales
Mother scale with crawlers
Azalea bark scale
Whiteflies
Cicada Adult
Cicada nymph
Spittlebugs
Leafhoppers
Psyllids
Adelgids(Only on conifers)
Order Homoptera
2 pr. Membranous Wings
held like a roof
Piercing-sucking mouth
From the front of the head
Aphids, scales,
whiteflies, mealybugs,
psyllids, adelgids,
cicadas, leafhoppers
Grasshoppers/locusts
Characteristics:
Order: Orthoptera
(Straight Wings)
1. Incomplete metamorphosis
2. Chewing mouth
3. Straight leathery front wings
4. Hind wings folded fanlike
5. Powerful hind legs with spines
Hind wings folded like fans
Field Cricket
Katydids
Jerusalem Cricket
Mole Cricket
Order Orthoptera
•2 pr. wings, top one
straight and leathery,
hind one fanned
•Chewing mouth
•Powerful hind legs with
spines
e.g., Grasshoppers, Locusts,
Crickets & katydids
Characteristics:
1. 2 pr. Of similar length,
membranous wings
2. Chewing mouthparts
3. Beaded antennae
4. Caste system
5. Symbiotic relationship
Indoor termites: Refer to a PCO
Termites
Order: Isoptera
(Equal Wings)
Dampwood Termites
Subterranean termites
Reproductive
Queen
Worker
Soldier
Termite Damage
Shelter tubes of the Subterranean Termites
• Carpenter Ants vs. Termites
Order Isoptera
2 pr. of equal sized
membranous wings
Chewing mouth
Beaded antennae
Termites
Characteristics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chewing mouthparts
2 pr. equal sized wings
Long slender body, huge eyes
Incomplete metamorphosis
Aquatic in pre-adult life
Beneficial insects
Order: Odonata
Meaning Toothed
Dragonfly
Damselflies
Naiad
Characteristics:
1. 2 pr. membranous wings held like a tent
2. Chewing mouth parts
3. larvae and some adults are beneficial
predators
4. Complete metamorphosis
Neuroptera
(Nerve Wing)
Green lacewing and larva
Brown
Lacewing
Antlions
Doodlebug (larva)
Snakefly adult and larvae
Characteristics:
1. Forewing short and
leathery
2. Pincher-like cerci
3. Incomplete
metamorphosis
Order: Dermaptera
(Leather wings)
Earwigs
Male
Female with brood
Characteristics:
1. Rasping/sucking mouth
2. 2 pr. Of fringed wings held
flat over body
3. Parthenogenesis/
Complete/Incomp. meta.
4. Can be plant disease vector
Order: Thysanoptera
Western thrips
(Fringe wings)
Thrips Damage
Order: Collembola
Characteristics: no metamorph.,
May have a furcula which propels insect a
few inches into the air
Springtails
Globular
Springtail
Order: Siphonoptera
Fleas are a vector of disease
(Bubonic Plague)
and can transmit tapeworm in cats
Order: Mantodea
Characteristics: Raptorial forelegs,
leathery forewings, eggs in foamy
ootheca
Mantids
House Pests
Cockroaches Order Blattodea
Psocid
Firebrat
Silverfish
Non-Insect Arthropods
to Know
Snails & Slugs
Beneficial Decollate Snails
Illegal in Oregon
Horsehair Worm
Sowbug
Centipede
Millipede
Pillbug/Rolly Polly
Garden Symphylan
Nematodes
• Beetles carry nematode parasites to other sites
Stylet
Spider mites Aracnida
Blister Mites
Blister mite on grapes
Blister mite on pear
Spiders
Abdomen
Cephalothorax
Palp
Spider Bites
Black Widow Spiders
Black Widow Spiders
Immature Female
Female
Male
Brown
Recluse
6 eyes
Aggressive House Spider (Hobo)
Good Spiders
Funnel web spider
Common
Grass Spider
Crab spider
Jumping Spider
Orb Web Spiders
Black and yellow
garden spider
Wolf Spider
Harvestman
Non-spider
Long-leg Cellar
Spider
Wolf
Nursery Web
Dictynids
Fennel Weavers
Jumping Spider
Recognizing spiders by
their eye patterns
Recluse
Ticks, Carriers of Lyme Disease & Rocky
Mtn. Spotted fever
Deer Ticks
M
F
M
F
F
Tick Proboscis
Scorpions
Pseudoscorpion
Windscorpion/Sunspiders
Lice
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The End