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ANSWER KEY SPRING 2014 (1 point each, total 10 points) BIOL 204 Lab Homework Name ____________________________ Refer to the content in the textbook and write the answers in your own words. The answers provided below are a basic blueprint. Please assess your student responses on their own merit. 1. Define blood pressure. What is systolic and diastolic pressure? What is pulse pressure? (ans: text pg 701,703 Class material 3.14-3.18) 0.25 each BP is the force exerted by blood on the blood vessel wall Ps is the maximum pressure in an artery during ventricular contraction Pd is the pressure in the artery at the end of ventricular diastole(relaxation) PP is the throbbing sensation felt when palpating an artery during systole; measured as Ps-Pd mmHg 2. Define cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. How do SV and HR affect cardiac output? (ans: text pg 681-682 Class material 2.49-2.50) 0.25 each CO=vol of blood ejected from each ventricle per min; - basic info CO=SVxHR (SV avg 70ml/beat, HR avg 75bpm); Avg CO= 5.25L/min SV=vol of blood ejected from each ventricle per beat; basic info SV=EDV-ESV (EDV avg 120ml, ESV avg 50ml); Avg SV= 70ml/beat HR – number of times that the heart beats in one minute Inc SV= Inc CO; Dec SV=Dec CO Inc HR=Inc CO; Dec HR=Dec CO 3. Define resistance. How do resistance and cardiac output impact blood pressure? (ans: text pg 702 Class material 3.16-3.23) 0.3 each R=the opposition to blood flow due to friction in the blood vessels Mean arterial pressure = CO X R. an increase in resistance or cardiac output will increase blood pressure. A decrease in cardiac output or resistance will decrease blood pressure. 4. What are the three important sources of resistance? How do they increase or decrease resistance? (ans: text pg 702 Class material 3.16-3.23) 0.25 each Blood viscosity, vessel length & vessel diameter Increase viscosity=Increase in resistance decrease in viscosity -= decrease in resistance Increase in length=Increase resistance decrease in length = decrease in resistance Inc diameter= decrease in resistance decrease in diameter = increase in resistance 5. What is atrial Bainbridge reflex? What will be the effect on heart rate and cardiac output? (ans: text pg 684 Class material 2.54-2.55) 0.3 each Increased venous return (increased volume of blood in atria) initiates an autonomic reflex. The stretch receptors get activated, SA node gets activated leading to increased heart rate; increase in CO ANSWER KEY SPRING 2014 (1 point each, total 10 points) 6. What is venous return? What is end systolic volume and end diastolic volume? What effect will these factors have on stroke volume and cardiac output? (In other words, what is the effect on SV and CO when these factors increase or decrease?) (ans: text pg 681-682 Class material 2.50-2.51) 0.2 each Venous Return= vol of blood returned to Rt & Lt ventricle per cardiac cycle ESV=vol of blood remain in ventricle after contraction (systole) per cardiac cycle; avg 50ml EDV=vol of blood in ventricle when full (diastole) avg 120ml Inc EDV=Inc SV & Inc CO; Dec EDV=Dec SV & Dec CO Inc ESV=Dec SV & dec CO; 7. What is mean arterial pressure? How do you calculate mean arterial pressure? (ans: text pg 703 Class material 3.16-3.17) 0.5 each MAP=the average pressure forcing blood to the tissues MAP=Pd+PP/3 (PP=Ps-Pd) Please note that the students might also give the formula COX R = MAP. Since this is a lab related homework, one would assume that they will have to calculate MAP based on the values obtained in lab activity(tangible values). However, some might choose to give the alternate formula 8. What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system effect on heart rate? (ans: text pg 703 Class material 3.16-3.17) Ans required highlighted 0.5 each SNS Increases HR PNS decreases HR 9. What are cardioacceleratory, cardioinhibitory, and vasomotor centers? How do they affect blood pressure? (ans: text pg 704 Class material 2.54; 3.23-3.26) 0.2 each Cardioacceleratory center: clusters of neurons located in medulla (part of CV center). Activating CAC will increase SNS effect on heart - increases HR, increase contractility and increases BP Cardioinhibitory center: clusters of neurons located in medulla (part of CV center). Activating CIC sends inhibitory impulses to the heart; decreases HR, decreases contractility and decreases BP Vasomotor center: Short term control altering BV diameter; Inc BV diameter=Dec BP Dec BV diameter=Inc BP 10. What are baroreceptors and chemoreceptors? (ans: text pg 705-707 Class material 2.54,3.16-3.17, 3.23-3.27) 0.5 each Baroreceptors: stretch receptors that respond to changes in BP; located in Carotid sinus, Aortic Arch, & large cervical & thoracic arteries; Chemoreceptors: receptors that respond to changes in CO2, pH, and O2 levels; located in Aortic Arch & large cervical arteries (carotid and aortic bodies); Note: chemoreceptors more imp in regulating RPM than BP