Download conclusion

Troy Hanson
ID#0502959
Lecturer: Elmarine T Jimenez
Information technology has come a long way from the invention of the internet and the first
computers which could fill inside a house, to the laptops and smart phones which have the
capabilities of computers. Modern equipment has to communicate which each other or log on to
a website via the internet. When accessing the internet these machine are given unique names
from(DNS) Domain Name System in the form of numbers call (IP)address or internet protocol
address which are numerical identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of
locating and addressing these devices worldwide.
IPv4
The first publicly used version of the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), provides an addressing
capability of 232 or approximately 4.3 billion addresses.
During the first decade of operation of the Internet (by the late 1980s), it became apparent that
methods had to be developed to conserve address space. In the early 1990s, even after the
redesign of the addressing system using a classless network model, it became clear that this
would not suffice to prevent IPv4 address exhaustion, and that further changes to the Internet
infrastructure were needed. The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) also accommodate private
address space which is given to private entities, example of these are homes, offices and
enterprises local area networks (LANS)
Example of IPv4 host addresses and private addresses is as follows:
Class A 0 – 127 - 10.10.50.0 255.0.0.0
Class B 128 – 191 - 190.130.50.0 255.255.0.0
Class C 192 – 223 - 195.150.120.0 255.255.255.0
Private Address Space
Class A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is designed to
succeed the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). One of the main benefits of Internet Protocol
version 6 (IPv6) over previously used Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the large addressspace that contains addressing information to route packets for the next generation Internet.
IPv6 supports 128-bit address space and can potentially support 2128 or 3.4W1038 unique IP
addresses (as opposed to 32-bit address space of IPv4). With this large address-space scheme,
IPv6 has the capability to provide unique addresses to each and every device or node attached to
the Internet. Each host or computer on the Internet requires an IP address in order to
communicate. The growth of the Internet has created a need for more addresses than are possible
with IPv4. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with this
long-anticipated IPv4 address exhaustion, and is described in Internet standard document RFC
2460, published in December 1998. IPv4, IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packetswitched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP
networks. While IPv4 allows 32 bits for an Internet Protocol address, and can therefore support
232 (4,294,967,296) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, so the new address space supports
2128 (approximately 340 undecillion or 3.4×1038) addresses. This expansion allows for many
more devices and users on the internet as well as extra flexibility in allocating addresses and
efficiency for routing traffic. It also eliminates the primary need for network address translation
(NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion.
IPv6 also implements additional features not present in IPv4. It simplifies aspects of address
assignment (stateless address auto configuration), network renumbering and router
announcements when changing Internet connectivity providers. The IPv6 subnet size has been
standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate
an automatic mechanism for forming the host identifier from link layer media addressing
information (MAC address). Network security is also integrated into the design of the IPv6
architecture, and the IPv6 specification mandates support for IP sec as a fundamental
interoperability requirement.
6to4
6to4 is an Internet mechanism for migrating from IPv4 to IPv6, a system that allows IPv6
packets to be transmitted over an IPv4 network without the need to configure explicit tunnels.
Special relay servers are also in place that allows 6to4 networks to communicate with native
IPv6 networks. 6to4 is especially relevant during the initial phases of deployment to full, native
IPv6 connectivity, since IPv6 is not required on nodes between the host and the destination.
However, it is intended only as transition mechanism and is not meant to be used permanently.
6to4 may be used by an individual host, or by a local IPv6 network. When used by a host, it must
have a global IPv4 address connected, and the host is responsible for encapsulation of outgoing
IPv6 packets and decapsulation of incoming 6to4 packets. If the host is configured to forward
packets for other clients, often a local network, it is then a router.
Most IPv6 networks use auto configuration, which requires the last 64 bits for the host. The first
64 bits are the IPv6 prefix. The first 16 bits of the prefix are always 2002: the next 32 bits are the
IPv4 address, and the last 16 bits of the prefix are arbitrarily chosen by the router. Since the IPv6
hosts using auto configuration already have determined the unique 64 bit host portion of their
address, they must simply wait for a Router Advertisement indicating the first 64 bits of prefix to
have a complete IPv6 address. A 6to4 router will know to send an encapsulated packet directly
over IPv4 if the first 16 bits are 2002, using the next 32 as the destination, or otherwise send the
packet to a well-known relay server, which has access to native IPv6.
6to4 does not facilitate interoperation between IPv4-only hosts and IPv6-only hosts. 6to4 is
simply a transparent mechanism used as a transport layer between IPv6 nodes.
Due to the high levels of incorrect configured hosts and poor performance observed, an advisory
about how 6to4 should be deployed was published in August 2011.
6to4 performs three functions:

Assigns a block of IPv6 address space to any host or network that has a global IPv4
address.

Encapsulates IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets for transmission over an IPv4 network
using 6in4.

Routes traffic between 6to4 and "native" IPv6 networks.
For any 32-bit global IPv4 address that is assigned to a host, a 48-bit 6to4 IPv6 prefix can be
constructed for use by that host (and if applicable the network behind it) by appending the IPv4
address to 2002::/16.
For example the global IPv4 address 192.0.2.42 have the corresponding 6to4 prefix
2002:c000:022a::/48. This gives a prefix length of 48 bits, which leaves room for a 16-bit subnet
field and 64 bit host addresses within the subnets.
Any IPv6 address that begins with the 2002::/16 prefix is known as a 6to4 address, as opposed
to a native IPv6 address which does not use transition technologies.
Note that using a reserved IPv4 address, such as those provided by RFC 1918, is undefined,
since these networks are disallowed from being routed on the public Internet. For example, using
192.168.1.1 as the router's WAN address would be invalid since a return packet would determine
the correct destination IPv4 address to be unreachable.
In the example below each block of the IPv4 is divided by 16 in order to achieve the IPv6
conversation. The first block of the IPv6 is a standard convention, the rest of the block represent
the hexadecimal portion of the IPv4 when converted.
CONCLUSION
Technology is growing and new hardware devices are been created on a daily bases with
specifics that will able them with the ability to travel on the internet and also communicate with
each other. These devices need a unique name and the IPv4 naming convention has almost come
to its end and will be given new names with the new IPv6 addresses.