Download 12.4

Chapter 12 Section 4
The Spread of Protestantism and
the Catholic Response
The Zwinglian Reformation
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Even before the Peace of Augsburg, a
division in Protestantism appeared
Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zurich,
Switzerland began introducing reforms
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Abolished relics, images, paintings and
decorations were removed from churches
Church services now consisted of scripture,
prayer and sermons replaced Catholic Mass
The Zwinglian Reformation
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As reformations spread, looked for alliance
with Martin Luther to defend themselves
against the Catholic Church
Could not agree on the meaning of the
sacrament of Communion (Read 994)
War broke out b/t Catholic and Protestant
states in Switzerland and Zwinli was found
wounded on the battle field.
His enemies killed him, cut up his body,
burned the pieces and scattered the ashes.
Calvin and Calvinism
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After raised Catholic he converted to
Protestantism and was forced to flee France
for Switzerland
Published Institutes of the Christian Religion,
a summary of Protestant thought,
immediately gave Calvin a reputation as one
of the new leaders of Protestantism.
He along with Luther believed in the doctrine
of justification by faith alone
Also placed emphasis on the all-powerful
nature of God- the “power, grace, and glory
of God.”
Calvin and Calvinism
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Calvin’s other idea was predestination
“Eternal Decree” meant that God had
determined in advance who would be
saved and who would be dammed
The Anabaptists
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Reformers such as Luther had allowed the state to play a
important role in the church
Anabaptist believed that a true Christian church was a
voluntary adult community who were baptized as adults,
instead of infants as Catholics and Protestants believed
Anabaptist believed in complete separation of church and
state
Refused to hold public office or bear arms. Took the
phrase out of the bible “though shall not kill” literally.
Protestants and Catholics agreed on one thing, that the
Anabaptists needed to be persecuted.
Effects on the Role of Women
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Protestants put family at the center of the
family. Mutual love between man and woman
Women’s important role was still the servant of
the man, & bearer of the children which was
part of the divine plan.
However, Protestant Reformation did not
change women’s subordinate place in society
The Catholic Reformation
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The Catholic Church had a revitalization
in the 16th century, allowing it to regain
much of what it had lost
The Catholic Reformation had three main
pillars
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The Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the
Council of Trent
The Catholic Reformation
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The Society of Jesuits was founded by
Ignatius of Loyola.
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All Jesuits took a special vow of absolute
obedience to the pope
Used education to spread their word
Jesuit missionaries were very successful in
restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and
eastern Europe.
The Catholic Reformation
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Reform of papacy was another important
factor in Catholic Reformation
Widespread corruption along with
Protestant Reformation, allowed Pope
Paul III to take a bold step of appointing
a Reform Commission.
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The Commission blamed their problems on the
corruption of the popes
The Catholic Reformation
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The last pillar was the Council of Trent.
1545, a group of cardinals, arch bishops, bishops, abbots,
and theologians met in the city of Trent.
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In their meeting off and on for 18 years, they reaffirmed
traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant
beliefs. Both faith and good works were necessary for
salvation. The 7 sacraments, their view of Eucharist, and
clerical celibacy were all upheld. The also kept purgatory
and the use of indulgencies, although the selling of
indulgences were forbidden.
After the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church
possessed a clear body of doctrine and was unified under
the supreme leadership of the pope.