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Epidemiological Transition Models Population Control Epidemiological Transition Model • ETM-shows distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition model • Stage 1 – Epidemics/Pandemics: Infectious and parasitic diseases, famine – Ex: Black Plague (25 million Europeans died) • Stage 2 – Receding epidemic (affects high proportion of population, but in isolation) – Ex: Cholera (contaminated water supply) Epidemiological Transition Model • Stage 3 – Degenerative and human-created disease – Ex: Cardiovascular disease and Cancer • Stage 4 – Delayed degenerative diseases – Ex: Alzheimer's, Diabetes • Stage 5? – Reemerging infectious and parasitic disease – Ex: Malaria, TB, AIDS AIDS/HIV+ • 2010 world distribution: – 23 million in Sub-Saharan Africa – 5+ million in Asia (India, China, SE Asia) – 2 million in Latin America (Caribbean-Haiti) • Sub-Saharan Africa – 70% of HIV cases – Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia, South Africa, Kenya – Increase death rates – Declining life expectancy How do Governments Affect Population Change? • Many governments institute policies designed to influence the overall growth rate or ethnic ratios within the population. These policies fall into three groups: 1. Expansive 2. Eugenic 3. Restrictive Expansive Population Policies • Encourage families to have more children • Communist Societies – Soviet Union – China – Mao Zedong • European countries: NOW – Tax incentives – Sweden • Cash payments, tax incentives, job leave, work hour flexibility lasting up to 8 years after birth • Short baby boom, but led to issues Eugenic Population Policies • Favoring one racial or cultural sector of the population over the others – Tax discrimination, allocation of resources, favoritism • Examples – Nazi Germany – Japan? – USA? Restrictive Population Policies • Reducing the rate of natural increase through a range of means – China: “One-child” policy: Income bonuses, Better health care benefits, Better retirement pensions, Priority in housing Solutions to Population Growth • Empowerment of Women – $ for contraception & education – Changing cultural norms to value girls • Diffusion of Birth Control Policies – Educating men w/ responsibility for birth control – Sterilization Solutions to Population Growth • Redistribution of wealth - improve standard of living for poor so that children aren’t as necessary – Improving farming techniques in poor areas – Starvation, Malnourishment Solutions to Population Growth • Medical technology – costs of maintaining vulnerable populations (old & young) • Addressing government policies to deal with their growing populations Something to think about… • Is population control funded by MDCs ethical in LDCs? – – – – – – Population control v. culture Birth control? Sterilization? Abortion? Sex determination? Incentives: Money, food, clothing? • Is population control funded by MDCs needed to keep mass amounts of people in the LDCs out of poverty?