Download h h l The Earth as a Water Planet

Global Focus on Knowledge Lecture Series (Nov.12, 2007)
The
h Earth
h as a Water Planet
l
The University of Tokyo
TIGS E
Executive
ti Di
Director,
t
Integrated Research System for
Sustainability Science
Prof. Akimasa Sumi
‡：Ownership of works with this mark belong to the third parties. To reuse such
works or create any secondary works based on them, license to use must be obtained
directly from the copyright holder.
Earth: The Small,
Small Blue Water Planet
Wikipedia
Planets in the Solar System
Wikipedia
p
Terrestrial Planets and
G
Gas-Giant
Gi t Planets
Pl
t
Terrestrial Planets (Inner Planets）And
Gas-Giant Planets (Outer Planets）
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
p
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Distance from the Sun
0.4
07
0.7
1
15
1.5
5.2
9.5
19
30
Mass
5.4
52
5.2
5.5
39
3.9
1.3
0.7
1.2
1.7
Energy Resources of the Earth
„
Radiation Energy from the Sun
„
„
„
Heat radiation（Every substance radiates
electro-magnetic
g
wave corresponding
p
g to its
temperature, Stefan-Boltzman Law）
Radiation collapse energy of minerals
Magma（gravity energy in the past）
St f
Stefan-Boltzman
B lt
Law
L
E=σT4
R di ti Balance
Radiation
B l
on the
th Earth
E th
Earth Radiation
Long wave
Sun
a
Solar Radiation
Earth
Wikipedia
Radiative Equilibrium
„
„
Input from the Sum
πa２S0（１－α）＝４πa2 σT4
a=radius of the Earth
σ＝Stefan Boltzman constant
α＝Planetary Albedo
＝Solar Constant
S
0
Radiation Balance(Energy
(
gy Flow))
Large evaporation
Half of the upper atmosphere comes to the surface
Energy flow is important
important.
Reflectance of the Earth （planetary albedo）
＝０．３
‡ Source: IPCC AR3
I0(Solar Input)
σTa4
Ta
σTa4
Tg
σTg4
Energy Balance in Each Layer
„
„
„
„
„
„
σTa4=S0 at the top of atmosphere
σTg4=2σTa4 for
f the
h atmosphere
h
S0+σTa4=σTg4 for the surface
σTg4=2S0
Without atmosphere,
p
, σTg
g4=S0
This increase of Tg is due to the greenhouse
effect of the atmosphere
p
‡ Source: UNEP
The Earth is a Water Planet
„
„
Distance from the Sun.
3 states of water（solid, liquid, gas）
Wikipedia
Humans seized the power of God!
The Logic of Climate Formation
„
„
Time average of conditions of
atmosphere and ocean in a certain
period
Changes in the long history of Earth
The Logic of Climate Formation
„
External factors
„
„
Sphere, rotation, gravity, distribution in the
sea and on land,, solar activityy
Internal factors
„
Specific
S
ifi changes,
h
ＥＮＳＯ ＰＤＯ l i l
ＥＮＳＯ，ＰＤＯ，glacial
stage-mid glacial stage cycle
Dry
Wet
Eqs.
Dry
Cumulonimbus is an
engine
g
using
g vapor
p as
gasoline. It forms
currents of air.
Distribution of precipitation is also distribution of energy source (heat
source).
These heat sources make currents of atmosphere.
Average height field in winter of 2007 （Dec~ Feb）（２００ｈPa)
‡ Source: Japan Meteorological Agency
Response to Heat Source
‡ Source: Iwanami Lecture
11 Theory of Changing in Weather
What if Heat Source Moves？
„
„
When heat source, i.e. cumulonimbus
moves, the current of the atmosphere
changes.
When the distribution of the water
surface
f
ttemperature
t
changes,
h
th
the
distribution of cumulonimbus also
changes.
‡ National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
‡ National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
‡ National Oceanic
Atmospheric
Administration
‡ National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
Argo
g Project
j
Figure removed due to
copyright restrictions
アルゴフロートのデータ詳細については
アルゴフロートのデータ詳細については、
‡ National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
‡ National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
Figure removed due to
copyright restrictions
‡ National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration
Summary
„
„
„
„
„
„
The climate of the Earth is determined by its
radiation balance
balance.
The greenhouse effect is important.
When
h considering
d
the
h Earth
h as a water planet,
l
cumulus convection plays an important role.
There
h
are externall and
d internall factors
f
in
climate formation.
Ch
Changes
specific
f to systems such
h as ENSO
SO
The climate system: coupled systems.