Download Foundations of Democracy

Bell Work Tuesday June 12th, 2012
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How does the aristocracy differ from the
oligarchy? (Pg. 5)
The term democracy means What? (Pg.5)
Pericles Strengthened Greek democracy by
doing What? (Pg.7)
Ancient Greece
Prologue, Section 1
California State Standard 10.1.2
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Trace the development of the Western
political ideas of the rule of law and
illegitimacy of tyranny, using selections
from Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s
Politics.
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MAIN IDEA: (Power and Authority) The Greeks
Developed Democracy, and the Romans added
Representative Govt.
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WHY IT MATTERS NOW: Representation and citizen
participation are important features of Democratic Govt.
around the world.
Setting The Stage
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People have always needed some form of
leadership
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Small groups chose elders
Large groups lived under kings, chieftains, or
pharaohs (total power)
Eventually, people in large groups tried to
govern themselves
Greek Religion
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Polytheistic:
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Belief in many gods
City-states worshipped
different gods
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For Example
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Athens – Athena (Wisdom)
Sparta – Nike (Victory)
Athena God of Wisdom
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
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2000 BC - Greeks establish small cities,
run by their own governments
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Government = system for controlling the
society
Each City-State had its own style of
government
Types of Government
1.
Monarchy:
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2.
Aristocracy:
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3.
government ruled by
group of nobles
families
Oligarchy:
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4.
single person rules
with total power
government ruled by a
few powerful people
Democracy:
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rule of the people
(people govern
themselves)
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Greeks created the first
democracy in history for
an entire country…
Building Democracy
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Athens - largest city-state in Greece
City-state: System of separate gov.
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Citizens participated in government
Adult, male, land-owning
 Poverty and starvation forced many to sell
themselves into slavery, ending democracy
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Solon - 594 BC
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Statesmen, leader in council
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Outlawed slavery based on debt, poverty
Avoided civil war
Reforms:
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Four classes of citizenship, (based on wealth, not
family)
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Three highest classes hold office
All classes can vote
Anyone can bring charges against anyone
All male citizens
Pericles - 461 BC
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Athens becomes DIRECT DEMOCRACY:
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Citizens make rules and laws
Do not elect representatives to make
decisions for them
Increased public jobs and paid jurors
Greek Philosophers
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Fourth Century - 300 BC
Men use logic/reason to explain universe
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Universe is put together in orderly way,
w/absolute and Natural laws
People can understand laws with logic and
reason
Socrates
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Father of Philosophy
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Students examine their
most closely held beliefs
Socratic Method Question and Answer
approach, ask more
questions for student to
arrive at answer
Found guilty of
corrupting youth
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Put to death
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Hemlock (poison)
“Death of Socrates” 1787
Plato
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Student of Socrates
Founded Academy
(School)
Wrote the Republic:
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Laws rule society, not
men
Democracy eventually
lead to tyranny
Best govt. one ruled by
“Philosopher King”
Aristotle
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Student of Plato
Examined nature of
the world, thought,
belief, and knowledge
Wrote Politics
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“Man is by nature a
political animal; it is
his nature to live in a
state”
Legacy of Greece
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Set standards in government and philosophy
Natural Laws:
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Direct Democracy:
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Patterns of the world
People have the power to rule
Three branches of government
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Executive
Legislative
Judicial
The Roman Republic
Prologue Section 1
Rome Develops a Republic
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Romans defeat the Greeks
in 600 BC
Aristocrats overthrow
the harsh king, form a
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REPUBLIC: Citizens elect
representatives to make
decisions for them
Republican Government:
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Senate:
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Assemblies:
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Elected officials, usually patricians, or wealthy
Made of common people
In times of crisis: allowed for a dictator (person with
total power)
System lasted for 100s of years, expanded the
republic throughout Europe
27 BC, Rome came under the rule of an Emperor
(Julius Caesar), and REPUBLIC IS ENDED…
Individual was a citizen, not subject of a rule
Roman Law
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Needed system of law to
control the conquered
people
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Rule of Law:
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Laws based on reason
Romans were citizens not
subjects
Protect citizens and property
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Equal treatment under the law
Innocent until proven guilty
Burden of proof w/ accuser,
not accused
Any unreasonable law can be
set aside
Written Legal Code
528 AD
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Emperor Justinian divides
Roman law into 4 works:
1.
The Code:
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2.
The Digest:
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3.
Text book for law students
The Novellae:
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Summary of legal opinions
The Institutes:
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4.
Laws est. pre. 534
5,000 written laws
Laws passed after 534
“Government of Laws, not of
Men”
U.S. Supreme Court Building
Roman Religion
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Adopted many Greek gods
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polytheistic
Spread monotheistic Religion
in 2 ways:
1.
Indirect
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2.
AD 70 - Jews expelled from
Empire, spread beliefs all over the
world
Direct
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Hostile towards Christians in
beginning
AD 380
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Christianity official religion of the
Roman Empire (Emperor
Constantine)
Emperor Constantine
312 AD
Legacy of Rome:
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Republic
Individual was a citizen, not subject of a ruler
Written Legal Code - applied equally to ALL
people
Passed on indirect democracy to future
civilizations
First to adopt Christianity as official religion
Judaism & Christian Tradition
Prologue Section 2
SETTING THE STAGE
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Judaism, Christianity and Islam
Shaped Democratic Traditions
Monotheistic: belief in one God
Small Corner of SW Asia
Worth of Individuals
Responsibility of individuals to the community
* Led to ideas about value of individual and challenging
authority (During the Renaissance and Reformation)
Hebrews or Jews
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Monotheistic- (One God) Who was All-,
Knowing, All Powerful, and Eternal.
Hebrews- A Felt Moral Life is Gods Wish.
Most other groups around Hebrews were
Polytheistic- Performed rituals and
sacrifices. In Honor of Their Many Gods.
Judaism
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Torah:
 1800 BC.
 Hebrew bible (Old Testament)
 Made of 5 books
Man is created in God’s Image –
Individuals have value, unique
Made from god
(Divine Spark = Dignity that can not be taken)
(Greeks and Romans had Dignity due to ability to
reason)
Jewish Law
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Man has moral
freedom
Reason: Capacity for
logical, rational and
analytical thought
Use reason to choose
between right and
wrong
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Each Person
Responsible for
decisions they make
Ten Commandments
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Jewish Law
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1300-1200 BC
Written code of Law
given to Moses
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Focused on morality and
ethics, NOT on politics
Social and religious
behavior that even the
rulers were subject to
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1-4
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Morality: mans relationship with god.
5-10
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Ethics: mans relationship with fellow man.
Christianity
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Jesus Christ
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Began Teaching around
the age of 30
Many ideas from Jewish
tradition ( monotheism,
and 10 commandments)
Born around 4AD
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Jew and a Roman subject
Taught about God’s
relationship to the
individual
Followers believed he was
the Messiah
The Teachings of Christianity
New Testament
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Encompasses teachings of
Jesus and his disciples
Love for:
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4.
5.
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God
neighbors
family
enemies
and yourself
Christians refer to the Torah
as the “Old Testament”.
Democracy Develops in
England
10.2
Prologue 3
Pg. 18-23
Setting The Stage
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Democracy spreads to England in late
Middle Ages (year 1000)
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Began in Greece (city state and rights)
Spread to Rome (republic)
Father by Judaism and Christianity
(responsibility of individual)
Divine Right
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Divine right:
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Power to rule
comes from god
Monarch’s rule
England w/
absolute power
During times of
war, needed $$$
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Turn to nobles for
$$$
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Magna Carta
1215
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Magna Cartasigned by king John
guaranteeing
certain English
rights
Limits power of King
 King must adhere to
laws
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Due process:
 The right to have
the law work in
known orderly ways
King had to ask for
consent to raise taxes
Habeas Corpus
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1679
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Habeas Corpus
passed by
Parliament
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If arrested had the
right to seek
judgment of guilt in
court.
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Set free if found not
guilty
**King could no
longer detainee
subjects without
reason.**
Glorious Revolution& Limits of Monarchy
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Parliament establishes a constitutional
monarchy: Laws limit powers of the
monarch
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English Bill of Rights
1.
2.
3.
4.
No suspending of Parliament Laws
Can not raise taxes without consent of Parliament
Freedom of speech within Parliament
No penalty for petitioning the King for grievances
Ancient Greece vs. USA
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GREECE VS. USA CHART, pg. 8
3-2-1 Activity
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Do the 3-2-1 activity in your notebook
after your notes.
3- Things you learned
2- Things you found interesting
1- you did not understand
Answers such as: I don’t know and
Nothing do not count.