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Life-Situation Interventions:
Interpersonal
Chapter 6
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Overview
• Asserting yourself
• Conflict resolution
• Communication
• Effective time management
• Social support networking
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Definitions to Know
• Assertive behavior: entitlement, not at the
expense of others
• Non-assertive behavior: giving up
entitlement in order to satisfy others
• Aggressive behavior: entitlement at the
expense of others
Unsatisfied needs lead into stressors
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Assertiveness Theory
• Assertion theory: premise that everyone
has certain basic rights
• What are your basic rights?
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Your Basic Rights
1. To say no and not feel guilty
2. To change your mind about anything
3. To take your time to form a response to
a comment or question
4. To ask for assistance with instructions or
directions
5. To ask for what you want
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Your Basic Rights (cont.)
6. To experience and express your feelings
7. To feel positive about yourself under any
conditions
8. To make mistakes without feeling
embarrassed or guilty
9. To own your own opinions and
convictions
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Your Basic Rights (cont.)
10. To protest unfair treatment or criticism
11. To be recognized for your significant
achievements and contributions
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Verbal/Nonverbal Assertiveness
• Nonverbal assertiveness: body language
consistent with verbal assertiveness
• Verbal assertiveness: DESC formula
divided into four parts
– Describe situation
– Express feelings
– Specify change
– Consequences of the outcome, regardless of
change
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
What You Can Do to Become
More Assertive
• Learn to say “NO!”
• Learn to use “I” statements
• Use eye contact
• Use assertive body language
• Practice peaceful disagreement
• Respond, rather than react
• Avoid manipulation
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Conflict Resolution Techniques
1. Active listening: repeat the other
person’s words/feelings (paraphrasing)
2. Identify your position: state thoughts
and feelings about the situation
3. Explore alternative solutions:
brainstorming
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Types of Communication
• Nonverbal communication (e.g., body
posture)
• Verbal communication
– Plan time to talk without distractions
– Listen and paraphrase
– Begin with a point of agreement
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Types of Communication (cont.)
• Verbal communication (cont.)
– Use “and,” not “but”
– Use “I” statements
– Avoid “why” questions
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Time Management Techniques
• Assess how you spend time
• Set goals (short term to long term)
• Prioritize (ABC lists)
• Create a schedule
• Maximize your rewards
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Time Management Techniques
(cont.)
• Say “no”
• Delegate
• Evaluate tasks once
• Use the circular file
• Limit interruptions
• Invest time initially
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Did You Know?
• Time management experts say that we
get 80% of our rewards from only 20% of
our activities
• Conversely, we get only 20% of our
rewards from 80% of the time we spend
• This tells us we need to focus more on the
activities from which we will reap the most
benefit
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Social Support
• Belonging, being accepted, loved, or
needed
• Matich & Sims (1992) recognized three
types of social support
– Tangible support (e.g., money, car)
– Emotional support (e.g., care and concern)
– Informational support (e.g., advice)
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Social Support (cont.)
• J.S. House (1981) added a fourth support:
– Appraisal support, to enable self-evaluation
• Social support may help manage stress in
two ways:
– Direct Effect Theory
• Helps prevent stressors from occurring
– Stress Buffering Theory
• Buffers the effects of stressors
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Interesting Research
• Lack of social support may be related to
poor quality of life, poor health, or illness
– Depressed women (Friedman et al., 2005)
– African American women (Black et al., 2005)
– Youth in an urban community (Bramston et
al., 2005)
– Men with AIDS (Zich & Temoshok, 1987)
– Soldiers and combat stress (Solomon et al.,
1987)
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.