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Arctic Tundra By: Kevin, Hayley, and Caroline Global Locations Northern Hemisphere Falls between 2 biomes: Taiga and the Ice Caps Artic Tundra Food Web Precipitation & Temperature Ranges 6-10 inches yearly (mostly snow) Summer: sun 24/7 (3-12 degrees Celsius) Winter: several weeks no sun (-70 to -28 degrees Celsius) Common Plants & Animals Animals: Polar bear, caribou, arctic fox, snowy hare, musk ox, rock ptarmigan, narwhal, mountain goat Plants: Artic moss, bareberry, arctic willow, arctic poppy Threats to the Biome People living in tundra: air pollution from cities, drilling for resources Overpopulation of Canadian geese: graze when vegetation is scarce Global Warming: shrinks the tundra Animal Adaptations Hibernation: bears sleeping through winter Fur: polar bears and caribou have hollow hairs Burrowing: hares and lemmings live underground Body shape: shorter limbs, more compact frames reduce heat loss Plant Adaptations Grow close to ground Small leaves Use as little energy as possible Extremely resistant from cold Photosynthesize from snow Keystone Species Arctic moss: primary food source Unique Creatures Musk ox Narwhal Both only live in Arctic Tundra Endemic Species Musk ox, narwhal, bearberry, polar bears, caribou, ptarmigan Invasive Species Canadian geese: growing in population size Canis lupus (the dog): active hunters Beaver: cut down trees, cause floods Indicator Species Tundra plants: willows, sedges and grasses, lichens, mosses Caribou and Reindeer: THE indicator animal species for the Arctic Tundra, Reindeer is the Old World form and is smaller and Caribou is North American form Important Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors that influence tundra are strong winds, rainfall, short summer days, long and cold winters, and permafrost layer Average winter temperature: -34 degrees C. Average summer temperature: 3-12 degrees C. Examples of Resource Partitioning A plant species in a nitrogen-limited, arctic tundra community were differentiated in timing, depth, nitrogen uptake, and this species dominance is strongly correlated with the uptake of most available soil nitrogen forms.