Download Listes indicatives avec leur description

Listes indicatives avec leur description
BHOUTAN
Nom du bien : Ancient Ruin of Drukgyel Dzong
Coordonnées : N27 30 00 E89 20 00
Date de soumission : 08/03/2012
Critères :
Soumis par : Bhutan National Commisson for UNESCO
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région : Paro District
Brève description
The ancient ruin of Drukgyel Dzong, considered as the most beautiful and famous archaeological sites in Bhutan, is
situated on a ridge in the upper Paro valley. Since its construction in 1649, Drukgyel Dzong had been served as an
important base for defense in the region until 1951 when it was destroyed by fire. Even after the destruction, the ruins
of the Dzong continued to be protected as an important monument linking people of Bhutan with the great events that
contributed in maintaining sovereignty of the country.
Drukgyel Dzong is one of the Dzongs built by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the linage holder of Drukpa-Kagyud
Buddhist School and the unifier of Bhutan who came to Bhutan in 1616 escaping the conflict over recognition of the
principal abbot of the Drukpa-Kagyud School in Ralung, Tibet. Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal and his successors
constructed several fortresses called Dzong in the process of gaining control over different regions of the country,
which were dominated by clergies and leaders of different Buddhist schools. These Dzongs were designed as
fortress at the time of power struggles as well as a court of clergies and administrators after Zhabdrung Ngawang
Namgyal established the unique dual government system headed by Je Kenpo (the Head of religious affairs) and
Desi (the Head of temporal affairs).
Unlike other Dzongs built by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal and his successors, Drukgyel Dzong was served solely
for defensive purpose without administrative and religious functions, especially against external threats from the
border. The Dzong had housed the best armoury in the country at the time. As the name of the Dzong indicates (Druk
is the local name for Bhutan, while Gyel means victory), it is said that it was built to commemorate Bhutanese victory
over the combined forces of Tibetan and Mongolian army, which attempted several invasions to the country. Thus,
the Dzong was built at the strategic site near the border with Tibet for strengthening defense against future invasions.
The existing ruins of the Dzong are comparatively well preserved. One can without much difficulty understand or
distinguish features of the complex. Although most of timber components of the Dzong such as roof truss, door and
window frames, and floors and ceilings are almost totally absent, major portion of stone and rammed earth wall
structures are still standing. They provide for visitors in understanding ideas and practices for defense in the olden
times.
The Dzong consists of Utse, the central tower building, which housed a shrine of guardian deities, and Shabkhor,
rectangular buildings surrounding the courtyards. It was built adapting to the geographical condition of the hill and
formed a distinct design. The high and massive stone masonry walls of Shabkhor buildings stood on the steep slope
of the hill entirely enclosing the inner space of the Dzong, making approach to Dzong possible only from the single
entrance, which is heavily guarded by several ta-dzongs (watching forts) cylindrical in shape situated between the
entrance and foot of the hill. Secret tunnels providing protected passages to fetch water from the river below the hill
as well as to send troops during the time of war are said to have existed. Presently, cylindrical tower buildings called
chu-dzong (water fort) can be seen connected with each other with paths enclosed by defensive walls.
Nom du bien : Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary
Coordonnées : N27 47 50 to 27 79 72 E91 26 16 to 91 43 77
Date de soumission : 08/03/2012
Critères :
Soumis par : Bhutan National Commisson for UNESCO
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région : Trashiyangtse, Mongar, Lhuntse in North-eastern part of Bhutan
Brève description
Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS) is located in the North Eastern part of Bhutan. The revision of Protected Area
System in 1993, merged Kulong Chhu Wildlife Sanctuary and the Bumdeling conservation area and gazetted in 1994
to be called as Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary. It has an area of 1520.61 km2 . It encompasses three Geogs in three
different Dzongkhag viz. Bumdeling in Trashi Yangtse, Shermuhung in Mongar and Khoma in Lhuntse. In the North it
shares international boundary with China (Tibetan Province) and in the Northeast with India (Arunachal Pradesh). It
forms an Eastern Himalayan Eco-region with wide range of ecosystems ranging from warm cool broadleaved forest
to Alpine meadows. The vegetation types in Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary are Alpine scree slopes , Alpine pastures
and meadows, Fir forest, Hemlock forest, Mixed and other conifer forests, Pine forests, Evergreen oak forest, Cool
broad-leaved forest, Bamboo thickets, Alder forest, Warm broad-leaved forest and Temperate pastures and
meadows.
The Sanctuary is the catchments of the mighty Drangme Chu, one of the biggest rivers of Bhutan and the Kholong
Chu ,which forms the important habitat for the vulnerable Black-necked Crane in Bumdeling valley and also
contributes to Kholong Chu hydro project.
Villages and agricultural land in BWS are mostly located along the lower reaches of the Kulong Chhu and the Khoma
Chhu. The villages at higher altitude cultivate only on dry lands, while in the lower villages both dry and wetlands are
used for farming. Two small groups of yak-herders live in the northern parts of the sanctuary. The communities have
the tradition of producing Dapa (wooden bowl) and Desho (handmade paper), Thangka (Buddhist Painted scrolls)and
bamboo belts for weaving bamboo mats are of the worth mentioning local values of the Sanctuary that contribute to
local economy. The practice of Ridam and Ladam (restriction of entry into mountains and passes) by the communities
residing in the Sanctuary, during certain months of the year to the core areas or the high altitude areas of the
Sanctuary has helped to strengthen conservation, while also protecting the cultural heritage of the sanctuary.
Nom du bien : Dzongs: the centre of temporal and religious authorities (Punakha Dzong, Wangdue
Phodrang Dzong, Paro Dzong, Trongsa Dzong and Dagana Dzong)
Coordonnées :
Date de soumission : 08/03/2012
Critères :
Soumis par : Bhutan National Commisson for UNESCO
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région : Punakha, Wangdue, Paro, Trongsa and Dagana District
Brève description
1) Punakha Dzong: N27 35 28 E89 52 38
2) Wangdue Phodrang Dzong: N27 30 00 E90 10 00
3) Paro Dzong: N27 26 00 E89 25 00
4) Trongsa Dzong: N27 29 58 E90 30 17
5) Dagana Dzong: N27 4 12 E89 52 47
Dzong in Bhutan is a complex of fortified building which served as a principal seat of Buddhist school. Most of the
Dzongs were built to be strategic footholds for gaining influence of particular Buddhist schools and controlling over
the region under the power of the schools. It is said to be the medieval period in the 12th century when Dzongs were
started to be built in "the southern land (Bhutan)" by clergies of different Buddhist schools established in Tibet.
It was in 1616 when Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel, the linage holder of Drukpa-Kagyud Buddhist School arrived at
the southern land escaping the conflict over recognition of the principal abbot of the School in Ralung, Tibet.
He, later becoming the unifier of Bhutan, started constructing several Dzongs in the process of gaining control over
the country, which was at that time dominated by clergies and leaders of different Buddhist schools. Strategic location
of the Dzongs is one of the main factors that have led the successful unification of the country. It is much elaborated
in old literatures describing the prophecies of ancient saints and auspicious events how the location of the Dzongs
was determined. These Dzongs built by the charismatic leader Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel who is believed as the
re-birth of Tsangpa Gyaray, the founder of Drukpa-Kagyud School and also an emanation of Avalokitesvara have
great spiritual significance to the people of Bhutan.
Among the Dzongs founded by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel, five Dzongs notably took crucial roles to uphold the
authority instituted by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel. After the unification of the country, he established the unique
dual government system headed by Je Kenpo (the Head of religious affairs) and Desi (the Head of temporal affairs).
Those Dzongs built as fortress during the power struggles faced by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel in the process of
unifying the country were later expanded and modified by his successors in order to adapt court of clergies and
administrators under the dual system of government.
Punthang Dechenphodrang Dzong in Punakha built in 1637 had served as the principal seat of Drukpa-Kagyud
Buddhist School and thus, accommodated the Central Government. One year later, Wangduephodrang Dzong was
built to put Sha-Dagyad (eight eastern regions adjacent to Punakha) under control of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel.
Other three Dzongs were built as the bases to extend the supremacy to different regions in the country. Rinchenpung
Dzong in Paro built in 1646 looked after the western regions, Trongsa Dzong built in 1647 for the eastern regions,
and Daga Trashiyangtse Dzong built in 1651 for the southern regions. These three Dzongs headed by the appointed
administrators titled Penlops gained immense power as a result of ruling vast areas.
The above five Dzongs had been stage for significant political events and cultural development throughout the history
of Bhutan after its unification. These Dzongs have witnessed important events not only in the olden times but also in
the modern era. Punthang Dechenphodrang Dzong served as the birthplace of the monarchy with the enthronement
of the First King of Bhutan in 1907. The recent history of these Dzongs is marked by continuous efforts of adjusting
their physical structures to the dynamism of governmental and social changes in the modern times. Due to such
successful adaptation, these ancient Dzongs even today hold a significant status in the country as the centre of
temporal and religious authorities amid rapid socio-economic development, which primarily began from 1960s, and
more recent change of government from monarchy to constitutional democratic government system in 2008. These
five Dzongs presently house the offices of the respective district authority and a number of temples, and serves as
the residence of the district monk body.
Nom du bien : Jigme Dorji National Park (JDNP)
Coordonnées : N27 35 to 28 12 30 E89 16 to 90 17
Date de soumission : 08/03/2012
Critères :
Soumis par : Bhutan National Commisson for UNESCO
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région : Punakha, Gasa, Wangdiphodrang, Paro, Thimphu
Brève description
Jigme Dorji National Park (JDNP) is located in the North-western part of Bhutan. Measuring approximately 4,316 km2
(or 431,600 ha) ,the second largest natural preserve in the country and one of the richest in terms of cultural and
biological diversity among the protected areas. It is one of the oldest national parks in the country. It was established
in 1974 as a wildlife sanctuary in memory of the late Third King of Bhutan, Jigme Dorji Wangchuk. It was then
covering the entire Northern strip of the country. Later in 1993, after the major revision of protected area system in
the country it was upgraded to national park and the boundary of the park was greatly reduced and was confined to
only north western part of Bhutan.
JDNP is one of Bhutan's conservation jewels. It is the home to many globally endangered species of flora and fauna,
such as Tiger, Snow leopard, Asiatic wild dog Himalayan musk deer etc. A distinct culture of Layap, a semi nomadic
community is also preserved in the park. It is a conservation heritage of culture and nature in harmony.
Nom du bien : Royal Manas National Park (RMNP)
Coordonnées : N26 46 16.16 to 27 08 38.70 E90 35 03.61 91 13 28.51
Date de soumission : 08/03/2012
Critères :
Soumis par : Bhutan National Commisson for UNESCO
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région : Bhutan, Zhemgang, Pemagatshel and Sarpang districts & South Central part of Bhutan
Brève description
Royal Manas National Park (RMNP) is located in the eastern Himalayas and forms part of the ten global biodiversity
"Hot Spot". The Park constitutes an integral part of the protected areas in Bhutan due to its strategic location.
Towards the north it is bordered by Jigme SingyeWangchuk National Park and to the south it forms a trans-frontier
reserve with Indian Manas Tiger Reserve, a world heritage site and connects Phipsoo Wildlife Sanctuary from west,
Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary in the east and Thrumshingla National Park in the north-east through biological corridors.
RMNP located in south central part of Bhutan and covers jurisdiction of three districts namely Pemagatshel,
Zhemgang and Sarpang.
First and oldest National park, Royal Manas has been maintained as Game Sanctuary for many years prior to being
notified as wildlife sanctuary in 1966. In 1993, Manas was upgraded to a national park with merging Namgyal
Wangchuk Reserve connecting it to Jigme Singye Wangchuk National Park. Covering an area of 1057 km2. RMNP
forms a contiguous belt of very rich forest with Manas National Park in Assam. It is the largest and most
representative of the tropical and sub-tropical ecosystems in the country that intercept with swathes of grassland and
Wide River beds. It is only the areas where the wide range of habitats between the tropical and temperate can be
protected in a single reserve. Thus park is home to great variety of wildlife including several species of endangered
and global important such as Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis),
Pygmy hog (Sus Salvanius), Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Asiatic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) etc.
Climatic conditions of the park vary in great deal in terms of rainfall and temperature. Monsoon rain being heaviest in
the southern part of the park receive rainfall with record of almost 1200mm during the peak monsoon periods,
whereas in the northern part of the park receive much less rain record less than 400mm. Thunderstorms are common
during summer months and the river assume the forms of terrifying torrents. However, during winter rainfall is
negligible and temperature may drop by almost 10 degree centigrade.
Brief Synthesis
The RMNP, one of the oldest and richest protected areas in the country lies in south central part of Bhutan covering
the part of Zhemgang, Pemagatshel and Sarpang districts (90035'03.61" E to 91013'28.51" E and 26046'16.16"N to
27008'38.70" N). The park with conservation history of more than 45 years was declared as National Park in 1993
and covers an area of 1057 km2 .
Rugged, mountainous terrain with moderately steep slopes characterized much of the park areas, which peak at
2707 m in the northern part of the park. From this highest point, rivers drain east into the Mande chu and west to the
Taklai chu. There are more than 47 watersheds within the park. Along the southern belt, the east-west directed
Siwalik Hills rise from about 500m to 1200m and are bisected by Manas river, largest river in Bhutan. The lowest
altitude recorded is as low as 80 m asl in the flood plain of Manas river. The altitudinal variation affords diversity of
plants, mammals and birds in the park.
Nom du bien : Sacred Sites associated with Phajo Drugom Zhigpo and his descendants
Coordonnées :
Date de soumission : 08/03/2012
Critères :
Soumis par : Bhutan National Commisson for UNESCO
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région : paro, Thimphu, Wangdue, Punakha and Gasa Districts
Brève description
1) Jago Dzong: N27 38 59.99 E91 09 00
2) Yangthe Thuwo Dzong: N27 28 0.00 E89 38 30
3) Taktshang: N27 30 00 E89 20 00
4) Tango: N27 28 00 E89 38 30
5) Gomdra: N27°30' 00 E89 20 00
6) Thujedra: N27 28 00 E89 38 30
7) Draphu Senge gyaltshen: N27 28 00 E89 38 30
8) Tshechudra: N27 55 00 E89 40 59
9) Tsendong dowaphu: N27 30 00 E89 20 00
10) Langthangphu: N27 28 00 E89 38 30
11) Sengyephu: N27 35 28 E89 52 38
12) Gawaphu: N27 35 28 E89 52 38
13) Hungrelkha: N27 35 28 E89 52 38
14) Changkhag: N27 35 28 E89 52 38
15) Wachen: N27 30 00 00 E90 10 00
16) Dodeyna: N27 35 28 E89 52 38
The Drukpa-Kagyud Buddhist tradition was first introduced to Bhutan in the 13th century by Phajo Drugom Zhigpo,
who travelled to the southern land (Bhutan) from Ralung, Tibet to propagate the teaching, as prophesized by
Tsangpa Gyaray Yeshe Dorji, the founder of Drukpa-Kagyud tradition.
The sites identified and included in this list are the places blessed by Phajo Drugom Zhigpo and also centers of the
Drukpa-Kagyud School established by Phajo Drugom Zhigpo and his descendants in the different regions of the
western Bhutan. It was from these centers that the influence of the Drukpa-Kagyud School in the region gradually
gained strength by prevailing over groups of other Buddhist traditions. Later in the 17th century, these sites took the
significant roles becoming strategic footholds during the consolidation and unification of the country under the one
rule by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal who is believed to be the re-birth of Tsangpa Gyaray and also an emanation of
Avalokitesvara.
These sites include the key twelve sites of Phajo Drugom Zhigpo; four Dzongs (fortress), four Drags (cliff) and four
Phugs (caves) scattered within Thimphu, Paro, Punakha and Gasa districts. Phajo Drugom Zhigpo meditated at
these sites to fulfill his wish to salvage sentient beings from sufferings through teaching of Drukpa Kagyud. The story
saying that he visited the twelve sites following the visionary instruction by Guru Rinpoche, the great Buddhist saint in
the 8th century who is considered as the second Buddha, gives further spiritual importance to the sites. Dzongs and
monasteries were built in and around some of these sacred sites by successors of the Drukpa-Kagyud tradition
lineage.
Other five sites had been the regional centers of the five clans of Phajo Drugom Zhigpo's descendants who controlled
over different regions; Hungrelkha in Paro, Dodeyna and Changangkha in Thimphu, Wachen in Wangduephodrang
and Goen Sangmey in Punakha. Many of these sites have greatly transformed in terms of physical state and
functions, which reflects dynamism of the socio-political changes in the western Bhutan. For instance, the main
foothold of Hungrelkha was replaced by magnificent fortress of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal and only a few related
important sites are remain including a shrine of the deity who was believed to be subdued prior to constructing the
ancient foothold, while Wachen has maintained a medieval Dzong in state of ruin. Changangkha is considered to be
an important temple of a protective deity in the region and is frequented by the inhabitants of Thimphu.
These sacred sites of Phajo have played crucial roles in the continuity and evolution of the unique Bhutanese culture
and traditions since the sites became key footholds during the unification of the country. The Dzongs and
monasteries built at the sites by successors of the tradition have instituted Buddhist schools and meditation centers,
which are still active today.
Nom du bien : Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS)
Coordonnées : N27 23 38 to 27 24.46 E91 55 30 to 91 56 97
Date de soumission : 08/03/2012
Critères :
Soumis par : Bhutan National Commisson for UNESCO
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région : Trashigang, Eastern Bhutan
Brève description
Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the eastern most part of the country in Trashigang Dzongkhag. It
encompasses a total area of 740.60 square kilometer covering almost three fourth of Merak and Sakteng geogs
under Trashigang Dzongkhag and part of Lauri geog under Samdrupjonkhar Dzongkhag. To retain floral and faunal
diversity, the Sanctuary is well connected by Biological Corridor to the southern part of the country which is a part of
the Bhutan Biological Conservation Complex (B2C2). The Sanctuary is situated in the remotest part of the country
where only limited developmental programmes have been implemented in the two geogs so far. Highlanders living in
the park area are semi-nomadic and use large areas as grazing land for their cattle. Livestock rearing is the main
socio-economy of Merak and Sakteng where 83% of the household income is generated from livestock husbandry.
Very few people living in the lower areas depend on subsistence farming.
The floral diversity of SWS comprises a wide range of ecosystem comprising of different forest types within an
altitude ranging from 1700-4100 masl. It represents diversity of eastern Himalayan terrestrial eco-system-alpine
meadows, temperate forest and warm broadleaf forest.
Out of the total 46 species of Rhododendrons in the country, the Sanctuary has 35 species of Rhododendrons
growing in the wild and is popularly known as the "Paradise of Rhododendrons" in the country which is very much
similar to the Garden of Eden in the west. The forest contains 203 tree species including herbs, shrubs, and small
trees. The Sanctuary is also famous for faunal diversity harbouring globally threatened and endangered species like
the Red panda, Himalayan serow, Wild dog, Goral, Common leopard, Capped langur, Himalayan black bear, Musk
deer and Jungle cat to name a few. There are 20 species of mammal species and 147 species of bird species.
Nom du bien : Tamzhing Monastery
Coordonnées : N27 35 15 E90 44 15
Date de soumission : 08/03/2012
Critères :
Soumis par : Bhutan National Commisson for UNESCO
Liste du PM (nom,id) :
État, province ou région : Bumthang
Brève description
Guru Padmasambhava, the master of Tantric Buddhism, also known as the second Buddha who introduced
Buddhism in Bhutan in the 8th century, prophesied that there will be five Terton (treasure discoverer) kings and one
hundred great Tertons, who would later discover treasures hidden by Guru Padmasambhava. Terton Pema Lingpa,
born in the mid 15th century (1450-1521) in Chel Baridrang ofTang valley under Bumthang district in Bhutan is one of
the five Terton kings.
Pema Lingpa acquired great knowledge and miraculous powers, and as prophesied by Guru Padmasambhava, he
revealed many treasures benefiting the Dharma far and wide in Bhutan. Terton Pema Lingpa was well known for
instituting several religious dances, and for his skills in various crafts, such as metal works and wooden carved block
for printing scriptures, which are found in several monasteries in Bhutan.
There are many sites including monasteries, temples and pilgrimage sites associated with Terton Pema Lingpa,
which continue to sustain the Peling tradition in Bhutan. These sites are the center for religious services for the local
communities and the education center for the young monks in Bhutan.
Out of these sites, Tamzhing monastery under Bumthang district is the principle seat of Pema Lingpa. Tamzhing
monastery was built in 1501 by Pema Lingpa. This temple is well known for most unique mural paintings. This temple
also has unique statues and several other important cultural properties, which are of high importance to the history of
Bhutan and the Peling traditions. Pema Lingpa died at the age of seventy-two in 1521 at Tamzhing monastery.
The monastery continued to be looked after by the descendants of Pema Lingpa, and from 1960s onwards some of
the monks from Lhalung in Tibet, who followed the Peling tradition, established their learning center at Tamzhing.
Even to this day, Tamzhing monastery continues to be the main seat of Pema Lingpa and the monks residing in this
monastery continue to perform religious services for the well being of the local communities and the country.
Tamzhing is the original home of unique sacred dances that are celebrated during traditional Tshechu (festivals)
throughout Bhutan. Religious dances are the living tradition by which Pema Lingpa sought to teach Buddhism in
Bhutan. Furthermore, these dances continue to remain as his legacy among the monks and local communities
residing at Tamzhing monastery.