Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
PLANTS HOW DO PLANTS GET THEIR WATER & INORGANIC IONS (MINERALS): Plants take up water and inorganic ions e.g. ___________ through their _________. They have adapted to this job by: The Water Pathway 1. Water passes into the ________ by _______. This is because there is more water in the ________ than in the ________ of the cell. 2. This extra water in the cell sap makes it more ___________, so there is more water in the root hair cell than the neighbouring root cell. 3. Water therefore passes from the root hair cell to the next cell by _________. 4. This process continues in subsequent root cells along the entire root until the water eventually reaches the_________ ________. 5. Water is then carried up the stem and into the __________ tissue. TRANSLOCATION: Translocation is the movement of ___________ and ___________ from regions of _____________ or storage to regions of utilization in ______________ and _______________. Applied chemicals such as ________________________ may also travel through the plant in this way. TRANSPIRATION: Water is used by the plant for: Water ____________ across the cell membrane, through the _______ ____________. Evaporation of water from the leaves via the ________ is called __________________. As water is lost from the leaves, a ___________ ____________ gradient is set up causing a “pull” from above. Therefore, more is absorbed by the ________ and carried up the ________ __________. Factors that cause the rate of transpiration to slow down: 1) _________________ because ________________ __________________________________________ 2) _________________ because ________________ __________________________________________ Factors that cause the rate of transpiration to speed up include: 1) _________________ because ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2) _________________ because ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ In dry environments plants have ________ leaves with ______ stomata and a _______ root system. ANIMALS BLOOD VESSELS: VEINS THE HEART: ARTERIES CAPILLARIES BLOOD: Blood is made up of blood cells and fragments floating in a yellow, watery liquid. The four components are: PLASMA is the ____________ part of the blood. It transports many substances around the body including glucose, _________, hormones and ____________ RED BLOOD CELLS carry ___________ around the body, attached to a pigment called ___________________. Their structure suits their function because:- Veins carry blood _______ the heart Valves? ____________ walls ____________ pressure Blood mainly ____________ Arteries carry blood _______ from the heart Valves? ____________ walls ____________ pressure Blood mainly ____________ The function of the heart is to __________________________________ It is mainly made of ________________ Capillaries connect __________ and __________ Valves? ____________ walls ____________ pressure Blood changes from __________ to ___________ as it passes through the organ CIRCULATION: The circulatory system is made up of the ________, ________ ___________ and _____________. Its function is to ________ ____________ around the body e.g. What are the names of the blood vessels which supply blood to the heart muscle itself? IMMUNE SYSTEM: _____________ WHITE BLOOD CELLS prevent _____________ spreading in the body. They can _____________ and ____________ microorganisms OR they can make ____________________. Lymphatic System: 1. Produces _____________ (white blood cells) 2. Circulation of __________ ___________ PLATELETS are cell _______________ and help the blood to _____________. PROBLEMS: CLOTTING: Soluble __________ is converted to insoluble _____________ to make a blood clot. Causes of heart attacks: 1. 2. 3. What can be done to prevent this? 1. 2. 3. ANTIBODIES are made by a different kind of _______ _______ cell. The invading cell is recognized as being foreign because its recognition sites or ________ are different from the cells normally found in the body. Antibodies are _______ to particular antigens as they fit over them to stop them working and so lots of different types are needed. PLANTS HOW DO PLANTS GET THEIR WATER & INORGANIC IONS (MINERALS): Plants take up water and inorganic ions e.g. Ca, Mg etc. through their roots. They have adapted to this job by: Having root hairs Branching their roots in many directions The Water Pathway 1. Water passes into the root by osmosis. This is because there is more water in the soil than in the vacuole of the cell. 2. This extra water in the cell sap makes it more turgid so there is more water in the root hair cell than the neighbouring root cell. 3. Water therefore passes from the root hair cell to the next cell by osmosis. 4. This process continues in subsequent root cells along the entire root until the water eventually reaches the xylem vessels. 5. Water is then carried up the stem and into the leaf tissue. TRANSLOCATION: Translocation is the movement of _sucrose_ and _amino acids__ from regions of __production_ or storage to regions of utilization in __respiration_ and ____growth___. Applied chemicals such as __systemic pesticides_ may also travel through the plant in this way. TRANSPIRATION: Water is used by the plant for: photosynthesis support Water _diffuses_ across the cell membrane, through the __cell membrane__. Evaporation of water from the leaves via the _stomata_ is called _transpiration__. As water is lost from the leaves, a __water__ _potential__ gradient is set up causing a “pull” from above. Therefore, more is absorbed by the _roots_ and carried up the _xylem vessels_ Factors that cause the rate of transpiration to slow down: 1) High humidity because surrounding air is moist therefore evaporation rate is slow. 2) Low temperature because less energy available to lift water molecules away from leaf surface. Factors that cause the rate of transpiration to speed up include: 1) High wind / exposure because turbulence around leaves lifts water molecules away from the leaf surface. 2) High temperature because a lot of energy available to lift particles away from the leaf surface i.e. high evaporation rate. In dry environments plants have _small_ leaves with few_ stomata and a _large_ root system. ANIMALS BLOOD VESSELS: VEINS ARTERIES Veins carry blood towards the heart Arteries carry blood away from the heart Valves? NO Thick walls High blood pressure Blood mainly oxygenated THE HEART: CAPILLARIES BLOOD: Blood is made up of blood cells and fragments floating in a yellow, watery liquid. The four components are: PLASMA is the liquid part of the blood. It transports many substances around the body including glucose, carbon dioxide, hormones and antibodies. RED BLOOD CELLS carry oxygen around the body, attached to a pigment called haemoglobin. Their structure suits their function because: Biconcave = large SA No nucleus more Hb Valves? YES Thin walls Very low blood pressure Blood mainly deoxygenated Capillaries connect arteries and veins Valves? NO Very thin walls Low blood pressure Blood changes from oxygenated to deoxygenated as it passes through the organ CIRCULATION: The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood vessels and blood. Its function is to transport substances around the body. e.g. glucose, oxygen, urea, carbon dioxide etc WHITE BLOOD CELLS prevent microbes spreading in the body. They can engulf and digest microorganisms OR they can make antibodies. Lymphatic System: 1. Produces _lymphocytes_ (white blood cells) 2. Circulation of ___body fluid__ PLATELETS are cell fragments and help the blood to clot. PROBLEMS: CLOTTING: Soluble _fibrin_ is converted to insoluble __fibrinogen__ to make a blood clot. The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body. It is mainly made of muscle. Causes of heart attacks: 1. Stress 2. Diet 3. Smoking What can be done to prevent this? 1. Quit smoking 2. Reduce fats in diet 3. Reduce stress What are the names of the blood vessels which supply blood to the heart muscle itself? Coronary arteries IMMUNE SYSTEM: ANTIBODIES are made by a different kind of white blood cell. The invading cell is recognized as being foreign because its recognition sites or antigens are different from the cells normally found in the body. Antibodies are specific to particular antigens as they fit over them to stop them working and so lots of different types are needed.