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Chapter 12
4th Edition
Psychological
Disorders
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12-1
Abnormal Behavior
• By the standard of statistical rarity, behavior is
abnormal when it is infrequent.
• Dysfunctional behavior interferes with a person's
ability to function in day-to-day life.
• The criterion of personal distress is frequently
used In identifying the presence of a
psychological disorder.
• Departures from social norms are used to define
deviant, and therefore abnormal behaviors;
social norms, however, can change over time
and vary across cultures.
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Abnormal Behavior
• Insanity, is a legal ruling that an accused
individual is not responsible for a crime.
• Contrary to the public's understanding of
the insanity plea, such pleas are
infrequently used and rarely successful.
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Abnormal Behavior
• The medical model views abnormal
behaviors as no different from illnesses
and seeks to identify symptoms and
prescribe medical treatments.
• The psychodynamic model considers
abnormal behavior as the result of
unconscious conflicts, often dating from
childhood.
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Abnormal Behavior
• The behavioral model views abnormal behaviors
as learned through classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, and modeling.
• The cognitive model suggests that our
interpretation of events and our beliefs influence
our behavior.
• The sociocultural model emphasizes the
importance of social and cultural factors in the
frequency, diagnosis, and conception of
disorders.
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Classifying and Counting
Psychological Disorders
• The American Psychiatric Association's
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM) provides rules for
diagnosing psychological disorders that
have increased reliability.
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Classifying and Counting
Psychological Disorders
• Epidemiologists study
the prevalence and
incidence of
accidents, diseases,
and psychological
disorders.
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Classifying and Counting
Psychological Disorders
• Phobias, alcohol and drug abuse or
dependence, and major depressive
disorder are among the most common
psychological disorders.
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Classifying and Counting
Psychological Disorders
• Many people suffer
from more than one
psychological disorder
(co-morbidity).
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Anxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative Disorders
• Anxiety involves
behavioral, cognitive,
and physiological
elements.
• Phobias are
excessive, irrational
fears of activities,
objects, or situations.
• The most frequently
diagnosed phobia is
agoraphobia.
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Anxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative Disorders
• The DSM-IV also lists social phobia and
specific phobia.
• Classical conditioning and modeling have
been offered as explanations for the
development of phobias.
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Anxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative Disorders
• Most people who have the diagnosis of
obsessive compulsive disorder have both
obsessions and compulsions.
• Obsessions are senseless thoughts,
images, or impulses that occur repeatedly;
they are often accompanied by
compulsions, which are irresistible,
repetitive acts.
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Anxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative Disorders
• Somatoform disorders involve the
presentation of physical symptoms that
have no known medical causes, but
psychological factors are involved.
• Among these disorders are
hypochondriasis, somatization disorder
and conversion disorder.
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Anxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative disorders involve disruptions
in some function of the mind.
• In dissociative amnesia, memories cannot
be recalled; in dissociative fugue, memory
loss is accompanied by travel.
• Dissociative identity disorder (multiple
personality) is characterized by the
presence of two or more personalities in
the same individual.
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Mood Disorders
• The symptoms of
depression include
sadness, reduced
pleasure and energy
levels, feelings of guilt,
sleep disturbances, and
suicidal thinking.
• The lifetime prevalence of
depression is twice as
high among women as
among men; prevalence
rates around the world
are increasing.
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Mood Disorders
• Suicide, which is often associated with
depression, is one of the leading causes of
death in the United States.
• The risk factors for suicide Include being
male, being unmarried, and being
depressed.
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Mood Disorders
• The risk factors for
suicide include being
male, being
unmarried, and being
depressed.
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Mood Disorders
• Bipolar disorder involves swings between
depression and mania.
• The symptoms of mania include euphoria,
increased energy, poor judgement,
decreased sleep, and elevated selfesteem
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Mood Disorders
• Mood disorders tend
to run in families,
which suggests
genetic transmission.
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Mood Disorders
• Depression may involve low levels of
norepinephrine or serotonin.
• According to the learned helplessness
model, depression can also be brought on
when people believe that they cannot
control outcomes.
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Mood Disorders
• A refinement of the learned helplessness
model, the hopelessness model, suggests
that typical ways of explaining negative
events may be at the root of depression.
• Cognitive explanations focus on how
errors in logic contribute to the
development of depression.
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Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of
the population.
• Although it is often confused with
dissociative identity disorder, the two
disorders are different.
• Schizophrenia is characterized by a split
between thoughts and emotions and a
separation from reality.
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Schizophrenia
• The symptoms of schizophrenia are classified as
positive (distortions or excesses) or negative
(reductions or losses).
• Positive symptoms include fluent but
disorganized speech, delusions, and
hallucinations.
• Negative symptoms include poverty of speech
and disturbances in emotional expression such
as flat affect.
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Schizophrenia
• The DSM-IV lists five
subtypes of
schizophrenia: catatonic,
disorganized, paranoid,
residual, and
undifferentiated.
• Schizophrenia tends to
run in families.
• The risk of developing the
disorder increases with
the degree of genetic
relatedness between an
individual and a family
member who has
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schizophrenia.
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Schizophrenia
• Evidence of various brain abnormalities,
including larger ventricles, in people with
schizophrenia suggests a possible
biological cause.
• The neurotransmitter, dopamine, seems to
be involved in the development of
schizophrenia.
.
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Schizophrenia
• Environmental influences on
schizophrenia include stress and hostile
family communication
• A predisposition to schizophrenia may be
inherited, with the actual development of
the disorder requiring the presence of
other factors.
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Personality and Sexual Disorders
• Personality disorders are long-standing
dysfunctional patterns of behavior.
• A person with antisocial personality disorder
displays few of the signs usually associated with
psychological disorders, such as anxiety.
• They are often described as deceitful, impulsive,
and remorseless.
• Low levels of arousal may play a role in the
development of this disorder.
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Personality and Sexual Disorders
• Gender Identity disorder (transexualism) is a
sexual disorder in which a person believes that
he or she should have been a member of the
opposite sex.
• Paraphilias are disorders involving sexual
arousal in unusual situations or in response to
unusual objects.
• Fetishism is a paraphilia in which a person is
sexually aroused by an object such as boots.
• One of the explanations for fetishism and
perhaps other paraphilias is classical
conditioning.
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