Download Animal Nutrition and Feeds

Nutrients
Prepared for:
ADVS 1110,
Introduction to Animal
Science
What is Nutrition!
Nutrition is the science of food/feed
utilization by body processes which
transform food/feed into body
tissues and energy.
ANIMAL NUTRITION
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Feed usually represents the single biggest
expense in animal production.
It generally accounts for >50% of the total
cost of production.
Labor is generally second at about 10%.
To efficiently obtain and utilize available feed stuffs
for animal maintenance and production of meat,
milk, eggs, fiber and work.
What is a Nutrient?
A constituent of food/feed that
functions in the support of life,
growth, and production.
Digestible Nutrient
The portion of the nutrient which
may be broken down (digested) and
absorbed and used by the body.
The Six Nutrients
• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Water
Animal Nutrition
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Measures of Energy and Energy Utilization:
Proteins
 Needed for growth and repair
 Helps form muscles, internal organs,
skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and
horns
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
and nitrogen
 Not a good source of energy
Feeds rich in Protein
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Meat and Blood Meal
Fish Meal
Soybean Meal
Cottonseed Meal
Dried Skim Milk
Amino Acids
Carbohydrates
• Furnish energy for body functions, growth
and reproduction
• The largest part of the animals food supply
and usually the fibrous part of the diet
• Include sugars, starch and cellulose
•Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
Fats/Oils
• Furnish a concentrated source of energy, up to
2.25 times as much energy as carbohydrates
• Form cholesterol, steroids and other body
compounds
• Affect the condition of skin and hair
• Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, but
contain much larger proportions of carbon and
hydrogen than carbohydrates
• They also provide energy reserves, protection for
vital organs, and they insulate the body
-AKA- Lipids
Minerals
 Primarily found in bones and teeth
 Important in blood for the carrying of
oxygen
 Regulates heartbeat with potassium,
sodium
and calcium
- Macro/Micro
Example: Calcium Formation
Found in rocks
Minerals
 Minerals required in relatively large
quantities are referred to as Macrominerals (Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K)
- Micro or Trace mineral are required
in relatively small amounts (Mn, Co, Cu,
Fe, I, Zn, S, Mo)
VITAMINS
• Are only needed in small amounts
• Are essential for life and health
• Provide a defense against disease,
promote growth and reproduction
• Contribute to the general health of
the animal
-Fat Soluble/Water Soluble
WATER
• Accounts for 70% or more of the body
composition of most plants and animals
FEED
CLASSIFICATIONS
Most feeds have some of each of the
nutrients in them.
FORAGES/ROUGHAGES-contain
more structural carbs (Cellulose,
Hemicellulose, Lignin)
CONCENTRATES-contain more nonstructural carbs (sugars, starch),
protein, and fat.
ROUGHAGES/Forages
•High in Fiber and relatively low in
digestible nutrients. Whole plant.
Examples:
1. Alfalfa hay/haylage
2. Clover
3. Grass
4. Oat hay
5. Corn Silage
Concentrates
• Are
low in fiber and high in
digestible nutrients. Usually seeds
Examples:
1. Corn
2. Cottonseed
3. Barley
4. Oats
5. Soybeans
Supplements
• Supplements
typically refer to Vitamins,
Minerals, Anti-biotics, Probiotics
•Added in relatively small amounts
•Don’t contain the variety of nutrients that
other feedstuffs have
•Expensive
Salt
Copper
Nutrient Access and availability
Feed Processing increases feed particle
surface area or physically alters it so
that microbes, enzymes, acids, etc. in
the GI tract can “mine” the nutrients.
 Some processes change the chemical
structure (steam flaking, roasting)
and/or increase palatability.
 Roast, steam, temper, flake, grind,
pulverize, roll, extrude, pellet, chop,
dehydrate, sprout, culture……
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Animal Nutrition
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Chemical Analysis
Scheme of Organic
and Inorganic
Nutrients: (K & Mg
should be macro)
Animal Nutrition
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Chemical Analysis of
Feedstuffs – The
“Proximate Analysis”:
Animal
Nutrition
Animal Nutrition
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The amino acids most commonly found in proteins:
Alanine
Glycine
Proline
Arginine*
Histidine*
Serine
Asparagine
Isoleucine*
Threonine*
Aspartic Acid
Leucine*
Tryptophan*
Cysteine
Lysine*
Tyrosine
Glutamic Acid
Methionine*
Valine*
Glutamine
Phenylalanine*
* - Essential amino acids in animal diets.
Animal Nutrition
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Don’t forget the ‘essential amino acids’ in
animal diets =

“PVT. TIM HALL”
Animal Nutrition
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Some of the stages in the carbon cycle:
Animal Nutrition
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Some of the main stages in the nitrogen cycle:
Animal Nutrition
National Research Council (NRC) Classification of
Feedstuffs
Feed Class
Typical Feedstuffs and/or Products
Dry Forage or Roughage
Hays
Straws
Seed Hulls
Fodder (aerial parts w/ears, husks or
heads)
Stover (aerial parts w/o ears, husks,
or heads)
Succulent Forage or Roughage
Pasturage
Range Plants
Soiling Crops
Animal Nutrition
National Research Council (NRC) Classification of
Feedstuffs (continued)
Feed Class
Typical Feedstuffs and/or Products
Silages
Grain Crop Silage
Grass Silage
Haylage
Energy
Grain and Seeds
Mill by-products
Fruits
Nuts
Roots
Animal Nutrition
National Research Council (NRC) Classification of
Feedstuffs (continued)
Feed Class
Typical Feedstuffs and/or Products
Protein Supplements
Animal by-products
Marine by-products
Avian by-products
Plant by-products
Mineral Supplements
Natural or Pure
Vitamin Supplements
Natural or Pure
Animal Nutrition
National Research Council (NRC) Classification of
Feedstuffs (continued)
Feed Class
Typical Feedstuffs and/or Products
Additives
Antibiotics
Coloring materials
Flavors
Hormones
Medicants
Source: National Academy of Sciences – National Research Council
The End…..Questions….