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1. 14. 2. 15. 3. 16. 4. 17. 5. 18. 6. 19. 7. 20. 8. 21. 9. 22. 10. 23. 11. 24. 12. 25. 13. AD DB DA CC DD ASKIP BD BD DSKIP DC DC BD B Evolution HW 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. C B A C A A D B A SKIP SKIP B SKIP 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. A A A B A C A A A A B D Adaptations • • • • (View) (View) (View) http://www.k12.nf.ca/shag/animalshome.htm • (View) What is Evolution? a.The theory of how species change _______ over time _________ What is a theory? A concept which has been tested and confirmed Many times and in many ways… Each time We get the SAME results Theory’s begin with observations: Ways to find similarities between organisms: Anatomy 1. ____________ Embryology 2.____________ Biochemistry 3.____________ DNA 4. ___________ Fossil Record 5. ___________ •Scientists use many forms of evidence _______ to support this theory. ________ • compare ____________ similarities among organisms to show how they may have evolved from a _____________ common ancestor. Comparative Anatomy • Related organism s share a unity of body plan Comparative Anatomy • Backbone, rib cage, and arrangement of internal organs are similar in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals • Among vertebrates, forelimbs have the same set of bones, whether it is used for swimming, walking, flying, hanging or grabbing Homologous Structures • •Evolution of whales from land-dwelling mammals, highlighting the transition of the walking forelimb to the flipper. Whale Evolution • Whales are thought to have evolved from 4-legged mammals • Pelvic bones in whales are homologous to hippos Vestigial Structures • Structures which have become reduced in size and are no longer of use, or have diminished in function • Ex: ___________ Pinky toes _______________ appendix Tail bone Wisdom teeth _______________ Comparative Embryology • Related organisms develop similarly • Ex: All vertebrate embryos develop ____________str gill-like uctures even though only fish have gills as an adult Comparative Biochemistry • Basic _______ ________ is almost universal • All living things use the same basic biological molecules for similar functions CHON Ex: all living things… DNA Use __________ to store genetic info and replicate Use Proteins ______________ to serve as enzymes Use Glucose ______________ for energy (ATP) lipids _______________ to build cell membranes • Metabolic systems such as plant photosynthesis _____________ and cellular respiration are similar ____________ among species ATP ) Produces ( __________ Comparative DNA •Many organisms have similar DNA sequences _________ Evidence Shows Life began as simple, single-celled organism that evolved to become today’s complex multicellular organisms. a. New life forms come into existence over time • New species evolve from __________ pre-existing __________ species Evolution b. All species therefore have descended from a common ancestor _______________ What is the End Result? •Diversity among species, BUT a unity _________ between them • EX: fundamental similarities among life processes respiration • ___________ circulation • ___________ • ___________ cells • ___________ DNA Ect… Who was Charles Darwin? • Considered the “Father of Evolution” • Published “The Origin of Species” in 1859 Darwin’s Observations: • He studied the geology (rock formations) and observed that the Earth is VERY old Darwin’s Observations: • some fossils of species found in the rocks are VERY similar _________ to those of today Darwin’s Observations: • He noticed that today’s species are related to ________ extinct species • While on the Galapagos Islands, he found 14 different species of finches, all descended from a Common ___________ ancestor ___________ Darwin’s Finches • All 14 species of “Darwin’s finches” have beaks adapted __________to specific tasks related to a specific environment and ecological niche ___________ Natural selection is the evolutionary process by which favorable traits __________ that are heritable become more common in successive generations and unfavorable traits that are heritable become less common. • It was once thought that species could evolve based on their needs. we know that this does not happen In order for Natural Selection to work, organisms must: 1.Reproduce sexually __________________ 1. Sexual Reproduction •Creates some mutations which result in variations __________ among individuals •The genes that give the organisms an advantage ___________have an adaptive value and are passed on to future generations In order for Natural Selection to work, organisms must: Overproduce 2. ____________ “Of course, long before you mature, most of you Will be eaten” • Fish, insects, amphibians and some reptiles usually overproduce • This is because many of the offspring are often killed before they reach maturity In order for Natural Selection to work, organisms must: 3. Have variations __________ 3. Variation • Individual members of a population within a species have heritable differences • These individual differences or traits are passed on to new generations • Darwin hypothesized that these variations are random ______________ Wilt Chamberlain (7’1, 275 lbs.) and Willie Shoemaker (4’11, 99 lbs) Sources of Genetic Variation • Today we know that there are 2 sources for genetic variation Sources of Genetic Variation a. Mutations – random changes in the DNA base sequences –They can only be passed on to future generations if they occur in the gametes ____________ Sources of Genetic Variation b) Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction – Both processes allow for genetic shuffling called Crossing _______________ over Why are variations good? •Variations lead to ___________ biodiversity Why are variations good? • The more variations in organisms, the more likely that some organisms will _________ survive _____ to create new future generations In order for Natural Selection to work, organisms must: 4. Struggle to survive _____________ “Survival of the Fittest” • Offspring compete for resources ________ (food and shelter) and survival “Survival of the Fittest” • Only those individuals who, are best able to survive will pass on their advantageous ___________traits to their offspring FYI Peppered Moths • The 19th Century pollution caused by the Industrial Revolution blackened tree trunks and killed off the lichens that grew on the bark Peppered Moths • A mutant moth (black) was better camouflaged and spread through the population Can you read the words below? Can you see me? Now can you read the words below? Can you see me? Human Evolution •The current belief is that between 8 and 14 million years ago the common ancestor to the ape and human evolved. These early "Humans" are called HOMINIDS. The Australopithecus were one the earliest hominids to be bipedal. (Walk on 2 feet) Again the fossil record is the evidence for human evolution. The recent discovery of 6 million year old Australopithicus in Africa is the oldest to date. 3 year old Australopithicus Girl One of the most important advancements was the increase in the size of the human brain. Although this is not the only factor in our advancement as a species it was crucial. Brain size is not alone the most important factor. If this were the only factor the blue whale would be the most advanced technological species on Earth. It has been proven that Neanderthal and Cro Magnon both had similar sized brains. Yet Cro Magnon is considered more advanced or modern due to it's much more sophisticated use of tools (technology) The oldest form of Homo sapien was found to be about 100,000 years old. It was also found in Africa. How fast do species evolve? • In organisms that reproduce few offspring and have long life cycles, evolution takes place very slowly. • Ex: Humans How fast do species evolve? • Evolution is much faster in organisms with short life cycles many that produce ______ offspring Resistance in • Ex: ____________ bacteria and ________________ _______________ insects Bacteria Resistance • When antibiotics are taken, the antibiotic resistant bacteria are not killed. Bacteria Resistance • They then can reproduce creating a population dominated by antibiotic resistant bacteria Insecticide Resistance Extinction • Ex: dinosaurs, wooly mammoths saber-tooth tiger, Neanderthals Factors contributing to Dinosaur Extinction: Dinosaurs went extinct ~ 65 million years ago Wooly Mammoth – went extinct ~ 12,000 yrs. ago (the same time humans started hunting with spearheads) Saber-tooth Tiger – went extinct ~ 10,000 yrs. ago Neanderthals Went extinct about 30,000 years ago 99% of all the organisms that have lived on planet Earth are now EXTINCT!! Once an organism becomes extinct it will never ____________ re-evolve • What factors contributed to the Extinction of many species? Meteor impacts Human Evolution •The current belief is that between 8 and 14 million years ago the common ancestor to the ape and human evolved. These early "Humans" are called HOMINIDS. The Australopithecus were one the earliest hominids to be bipedal. (Walk on 2 feet) Again the fossil record is the evidence for human evolution. The recent discovery of 6 million year old Australopithicus in Africa is the oldest to date. 3 year old Australopithicus Girl One of the most important advancements was the increase in the size of the human brain. Although this is not the only factor in our advancement as a species it was crucial. Brain size is not alone the most important factor. If this were the only factor the blue whale would be the most advanced technological species on Earth. It has been proven that Neanderthal and Cro Magnon both had similar sized brains. Yet Cro Magnon is considered more advanced or modern due to it's much more sophisticated use of tools (technology) The oldest form of Homo sapien was found to be about 100,000 years old. It was also found in Africa. The layers of rock Are like the pages of a book Organisms that lived when these rocks were formed are buried within the rocks Oldest fossils found in The bottom layers Ready to crack open some rocks