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The respiratory system (or ventilatory system) is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is required by all the cells in the body to function so the ventilator system brings in oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. Air travels through some tubes and pathways before it reaches it’s destination. 1. 2. 3. 4. Air enters through the nose or mouth. It then travels through the Pharynx commonly known as the throat. Then into the Larynx commonly known as the voice box. Into the Trachea and then the bronchi, bronchioles, the lungs and then the alveoli. Gaseous exchange only occurs at the alveoli, nothing else takes part in gas exchange. If we start with the nose, air travels through the nose. The nose is protected by hairs, which act as an air filter so we don’t breath bad things into our lungscatches the dust and particles. It also has a sticky mucous membrane which basically moistens and warms the air before it travel down through the pharynx. Then we have the pharynx (throat), which can be divided into 3 separate regions. It is part of the respiratory and digestive system. It goes from the back of the nasal cavity to the voice box. 1. Part close to the nasal cavity is called the nasopharynx 2. Part close to the oral cavity is called the oropharynx 3. Part close to the Larynx is called the laryngopharynx Larynx has 3 functions: 1. Produce sound 2. Protects airways- prevents food and foreign substances from entering the airways. 3. Passageway for air during breathing. It’s mostly cartilage but also has some smooth muscle and ligaments attached to it. It contains the epiglottis, which is a cartilage flap that looks like a toilet seat cover. The epiglottis flaps down and covers the larynx to keep food and foreign substance from entering the lungs. When we swallow our larynx moves up and forwards and the epiglottis flaps down to cover the larynx so food and liquids don’t go into our lungs. The epiglottis is flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx. The epiglottis is usually upright at rest allowing air to pass into the larynx and lungs. When a person swallows the epiglottis folds backward to cover the entrance of the larynx so food and liquid do not enter the windpipe and lungs. After swallowing the epiglottis returns to its original upright position. Then we go down into the Trachea, which we call the windpipe. Trachea is held open by rings of cartilage. The trachea branches out into the 2 main bronchi- right and left.Branches into the two main bronchi which is plural for bronchus. The bronchi look like an upside down tree. Big tree trunk (trachea) branches into 2 smaller primary branches- Bronchi, which eventually branch out into Bronchioles. Branches become more numerous and smaller as you go into each lungs. Cartilage (keeps airways open) disappears to be replaced by smooth muscle by the time you get to the bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles there are small air sacs that look like clusters of grapes. These air sacs are called the alveoli. Alveoli where the gaseous exchange occurs. There is around 3 million alveoli in each lung. Lots of surface area, thin walled of thin flat cells for easy diffusion so stuff can move with rapid diffusion; surrounded by a blood supply.