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Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works Electrical and Computer Engineering 9-1-2006 New Double Input DC-DC Converters for Automotive Applications Krishna P. Yalamanchili Mehdi Ferdowsi Missouri University of Science and Technology, [email protected] Keith Corzine Missouri University of Science and Technology Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/ele_comeng_facwork Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Recommended Citation K. P. Yalamanchili et al., "New Double Input DC-DC Converters for Automotive Applications," Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2006, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Sep 2006. The definitive version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2006.364366 This Article - Conference proceedings is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. New Double Input DC-DC Converters for Automotive Applications Krishna P. Yalamanchili, Mehdi Ferdowsi, Member, IEEE, and Keith Corzine, Member, IEEE Power Electronics and Motor Drives Laboratory University of Missouri-Rolla; Rolla, MO 65409, USA Email: [email protected], [email protected], and [email protected] Abstract - The energy storage unit is one of the most important subsystems in the structure of hybrid electric vehicles since it directly impacts the performance, fuel economy, cost, and Applications of multi-input converters in hybrid vehicles are presented in [8-10]. A double input converter which is the integration of a buck with a buckboost converter has been converters is inevitable. In this paper, two new double input converters are introduced. Their different operating modes are analyzed and their voltage transfer ratios are derived. Simulation results are used to verify the expected operational characteristics. can further be generalized to more than two inputs sources. Bidirectional power flow is also achievable. These two topologies as well as their different operating modes and typical waveforms along with simulation results are presented in Sections II through V. Section VI deals with the various applications of these converters highlighting a practical application. Section VII draws conclusions and presents and overall evaluation of the new double input converters. weight of the vehicle. New structures for the energy storage unit, which utilize both batteries and ultracapacitors, are widely under investigation. In order to fully utilize the advantages of each energy storage device, employment of multi-input power Index Terms -Energy storage unit, double input converter. I. INTRODUCTION Ultracapacitors have been proposed to be utilized in the electrical distribution system of conventional and hybrid vehicles to serve applications like local energy cache, voltage smoothing, pseudo 42V architecture, and service life of batteries extension. However, the high specific power of ultracapacitors is the major reason of them being used as intermediate energy storage unit during acceleration, hill Even though purely and reeertv regenerative brain. braking. Evntog climbing, clmig an uey been reported,' have ultracapacitor hybrid and electric vehicles . . . an energy storage unit comprising both batteries and ultracapacitor seem to be the promising choice for the future vehicles [1]. The basic idea is to realize advantages of both batteries and ultracapacitors while keeping the weight of the entire energy storage unit minimized through an appropriate matching [2]. Several structures for combining batteries and ultracapacitors have been introduced in the literature [3]. Multi-input power electronic converters are the best promising choices to fully utilize the advantages of batteries and ultracapacitors. As the name suggests, a multi-input converter is a power converter which accommodates inputs of more than one energy source and provides at least one output [4]. These converters can be employed in various applications such as residential, aerospace, automotive, portable electronics where there is the advantage of using more than one energy source or energy storage device [5]. By diversifying the energy sources, each source can be utilized more efficiently. Furthermore, the reliability of the overall system increases. Several multi-input converters have been reported in the literature. A general multi-input converter, which only utilizes one inductor, has been reported in [6]. Characteristic and properties of multi-input converters are presented in [7]. reported in [1I] n e in. Thi They inut dcdcand the conver pap both have small part count concept antroduced. II. INTEGRATEDBUCK-BUCKBOOSTCONVERTER her c.irtiag .of intege burck-bucboota conrter cns tw voltage sourehi voltage source V1 and low voltage source V2 and output voltage V0 is shown in Fig. 1 [11]. Input sources can be batteries, ultracapacitors, or any other dc source of power. When the power MOSFETs Ml and M2 are turned off, diodes DI and D2 Mhpan for are tnduof diodes wporMoSe urn DoanoD ofo ahfrteidco provide the ~~~will e path i or the or to fl of the power switchesMt contmuously. Through the operaton Muc theonverterisalere two Ml iL L i I1 + VL - DI V 2 VT M2 C + R V DI Fig. 1 Circuit diagram of integrated buck-buckboost converter. It can be easily observed that if transistor M2 is off for the entire switching period, i.e. when input source V1 is the only source of power, the converter operates like a conventional buck converter. Similarly, if transistor M, is off for the entire switching period, i.e. when input source V2 is operating alone, 1-4244-01 59-3/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on January 23, 2009 at 15:52 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. the converter operates like a conventional buckboost converter. This discussion leads to the necessary conclusion that for single use of V1 source, its voltage level has to be greater the output voltage. Different modes of operation of this integrated buck-buckboost converter is presented in [11] and the voltage transfer ratio is derived as VO I d, V1I I 612d, -62 applying inductor volt-second balance, one may obtain the following equation is the steady sate operation. IL V +\ (I) VI7 -62 ( L- A t rT III. INTEGRATED BUCK-BUCK CONVERTER The circuit diagram of the new integrated buck-buck converter is depicted in Fig. 2. This new topology is obtained by extending the same concept to two bulk converters. It is possible to run the input sources simultaneously or individually. I Mode I L Ml . 4 I DIMode I Fig. 2 Integrated buck-buck converter. . Four different modes of operation based on the status of D c ° the switches are depicted in Fig. 3 and described as follows:+ Mode I (M1: on / 2: off): Due to the conduction of M1, diode D1 is reverse biased and treated as an open circuit and o diode D2 provides a bypass path for inductor current In thisi2 M2 mode, V provides energy to inductor L and the load.D2 Mode II (M1: off / Al2: on): In this mode diode D1T conducts while diode D2 is off. Voltage source V2 energizes Mode III inductor L and also provides the power to the load. Mode III (M1: off!/ M2: off): Diodes D1 and D2 provide the current path for the inductor current. Both of voltage sources VL o V1 and V2 are disconnected from the double input converter. c D The magneticenergy storedin is being released to theload. VI + Mode IV (M1: on / M2: on): M1 and M2 are on which I R Vo results inDI and D2 being reverse biased. Voltage sources V1 .. M2 and V2 are connected in series to energize inductor L t2 and providesthe demandedpower for the load. D2 V2 J If each source operates singly, the power conversion mechanism is similar to conventional buck converter. The gateMoeI signals depicted in Fig. 4 are considered to derive the voltageMode I transfer function. The selected switching pattern covers all Fig. 3 Operating modes of integrated buck-buck converter. four operating modes; hence, the results are valid for any arrangements in the switching pattern. Using Table I and Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on January 23, 2009 at 15:52 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. OFF___I ON d2 1d2 1 OFF Tl ON OFF ; T~~T~~ T3 T4V T4 f __V1_____ VL T Fig. 4 General switching pattern of Ml and M2| iL TABLE I VOLTAGE ACROSS THE INDUCTOR IN ONE PERIOD F IT, T2 I I T3 T4 Ml 1 1 0 0 M2 0 1 1 0 VL VlIVo V1+V2-Vo V2-Vo T +T2 |_._._._ | _ i| vo. =d, *T 1 (2) 2~~~~~~~~~2 2T T2+T3=d2*T s(3) 1 T +T2 +T3+T4 = (4) T *(V 1 -V)+T 2 2 *(V1 +V22 -VO) +T3 (V*-%Vo) + T*(-Vo) = °L IT TS Fig. 5 Typical waveforms of integrated buck-buck converter. ~~~~~~~~(5) Vo =Vj*d+V *d2 (6) For the same switching frequency, switches Ml and M2 are operated with different turn-on and turn-off ratios. Fig.5 V D c | l bottom are waveforms of gate signals di and d2, voltage across inductor VL, inductor current 1L, high voltage source input current i1, low voltage source input current i2l IV. INTEGRATED BUCKBOOST-BUCKBOOST CONVERTER Using the same approach, two buckboost converters can be integrated as a double input dc-dc converter saving one inductor. This new topology is referred to as integrated buckboost-buckboost converter in this paper. Fig. 6 depicts the circuit diagram of this converter. The restriction of this converter is that both switches are not allowed to be on simultaneously; hence, each source can provide power to the load individually or can be supplemented with energy stored in the inductor supplied by the other source. Fig. 6 Integrated buckboost-buckboost converter. Diodes D1 and D2 are freewheeling diodes and provide the path for the inductor current to flow continuously. Integrated buckboost-buckboost converter is able to draw power from each source individually with or without the residual inductor energy supplemented by the other source. Three different modes of operation based on the conduction status of the switches and diodes are depicted in Fig. 7 and are described as follows: Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on January 23, 2009 at 15:52 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. Mode I (MI: on / M2: off): Switch M1 is turned on and M2 is turned off. By conduction of MI, diodes DI and D2 are reverse biased since (7) VD2 +VDI =-VI-VO Therefore they are treated as an open circuit. In this mode, V1 energizes inductor L. Mode II (MI: off / M2: on): Switch M2 is on in this mode. Diode D2 is revered biased as (8) suggest; however, diode DI is forced to conduct. In this mode, V2 energizes the inductor. VD2 = V2 sources V1 and V2 simultaneously. If each source operates singly, the power conversion mechanism is similar to conventional buckboost converter. Non-overlapping gate signals depicted in Fig. 8 are considered to derive the voltage transfer function. The selected switching pattern covers all three operating modes; hence, the results are valid for any arrangements in the switching pattern. Using Table II and applying inductor volt-second balance, one may obtain the following equation is the steady sate operation. T = d1*T (9) T, + T2 +T3 +T4 =T (10) i+(T2f+T4)*( +l 2 ) (V dl -d *V2 2 TABLE II VOLTAGE ACROSS THE INDUCTOR IN ONE PERIOD T1 T2 T3 T4 1 0 0 0 VL |V1 DI VI + C R ITo Dl 12 V2f0l l -VO |V2 |-VO Mode I i0 IL M DI VI (4 + L - I I . + R Vo i2 D D2 V2 Mode II I Ml L I Ii V R ViT M2 12 (12)ll (2 For the same switching frequency, the switches M1 and M2 are operated with different turn-on and turn-off ratios. Fig. 9. shows typical voltage and current waveforms. From top to bottom are waveforms of gate signals d1 and d2, voltage across inductor VL, inductor current iL, high voltage source input current i1, low voltage source input current i2, and unfiltered output current iBO. Ml i (8) O Mode III (MI: off / M2: off): Both of switches M1 and M2 are off during this mode. Diodes DI and D2 provide the current path for the inductor current. Both of voltage sources V1 and V2 are disconnected from the double input converter. The magnetic energy stored in L supplies the load power demand. Mode Restriction: This converter is not able to use VO=1dl -d i Mode III Fig. 7 Operating modes of integrated buckboost-buckboost converter. d 1 I ON OFF d OFF T| T2 ON E T3 T4 Fig. 8 General switching pattern of M, and M,* Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on January 23, 2009 at 15:52 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 1_ 1_ v_ i i v,LrLn d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ S T L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ iof______ S <d1TS Fig. 10 Simulation results of integrated buck-boost converter. v X m r l A I I l l l l l I T 1 Fig. 9 Typical waveforms ofFintegrated buckboost-buckboostSconverter. By interchanging the switches and diodes and connecting them in reverse, the converter operates as a single input multiI output converter. Also, bi-directional current flow can be./ v achieved by replacing each switch and diode with anti parallel lL @ pair of aswitch and adiode.l 1 V. SIMULATION RESULTS Integrated buck-buck converter and integrated buckboost-| buckboost converter are modeled using ACSL software. Both the converters using the parameters d1=O.5, d2=O.25, and switching frequency=50 KHz. Figs. 10 and 11 depict the typical simulation results of the integrated buck-buck converter and integrated buckboost-buckboost converter mu respectively. From top to bottom are the waveform of inductor voltage VL, inductor current it, current drawn from the first source iJ, and current drawn from the second source i2, respectively. For bidirectional power flow, is it required to put anti-parallel switches and diodes for the diodes and switched, S respectively. i 1Lfl- ___ _____1l a ______ . 2 11 _ .UI Fig. 11 Simulation results of integrated buckboost-buckboost converter. Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on January 23, 2009 at 15:52 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. VI. APPLICATION OF THE CONVERTERS These converters can be applied to various components of the electric, plug in electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles where two or more power sources are used. These find their applications in the typical drive trains or in the inputs of the air compressor devices in the above said vehicles. One such application, in the drive train of the combined energy storage unit of the hybrid electric vehicle was studied. The block diagram of this case is shown in Fig. B Integratedn I 12. The bidirectional integrated buckboost-buckboost converter is taken as the double input dc-dc converter and is linked with an integrated inverter and induction motor drive. The simulation is run with the following load profile where ultracapacitor is discharged first during the speed ramp up. A sensor acts when the voltage of the ultracapacitor goes below the minimum voltage and then the battery takes over. When the speed is constant, the necessary power is supplied alone by the battery. During the speed ramp down all the regenerated energy is used to charge the ultracapacitor. Speed profile of traction motor and inductor current waveform for this speed Bi-directional Buckboostbuckboost ct on ndmotorn Inverter converter Fig. 12 Block diagram of the applied case. CD r, CD /.. . _ \ \ \ profile are shown in Fig. 13. VII. CONCLUSIONS Two new double input dc-dc converters were introduced. The operating modes and voltage transfer function of each one4llv| were presented. The proposed double input converters are applicable to advanced energy storage units in automotive applications where more than one energy storage element iS utilized. Bidirectional power flow of the proposed converters is feasible by replacing the switches and diodes with bidirectional current devices. Simulation results are used to verify the expected operational characteristics. REFERENCE [1] R. M. Schupbach, J. C. Balda, M. Zolot, B. Kramer, "Design methodology of a combined battery-ultracapacitor energy storage unit for vehicle power management," 34th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 1, pp. 88-93, 15-19 Jun. 2003. [2] R. M. Schupbach, J. C. Balda, "The role of ultracapacitors in an energy storage unit for vehicle power management," 58th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 5, pp. 3236-3240, 6-9 Oct. 2003. [3] P. Barrade, S. Pittet, and A. Rufel, "Energy storage system using a series connection of supercapacitors, with an active device for equalizing the voltages," Int. Power Electronics Conf., Tokyo, Japan, 2000. [4] K. P. Yalamanchili and M. Ferdowsi, "Review of multiple input dc-dc converters for electric and hybrid vehicles," IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, pp. 552-555, 07-09 Sept. 2005. [5] B. Ozpineci, L. M. Tolbert, Zhong Du, "Multiple input convertersforfuel cells," 39th Industry Applications Conference, vol. 2, pp. 791-797, 3-7 Oct. 2004. [6] B. G. Dobbs and P. L. Chapman, "A multiple-input dc-dc converter topology," IEEE Power Electronics Letters, vol. 1, pp. 6-9, Mar. 2003. IC______ C __________________ 1.6 T 0.8 ' 0.' 2.4 ____ 4.0 2 Fig. 13 Motor speed profile and inductor current of the applied case. [7] H. Matsuo, W. Lin, F. Kurokawa, T. Shigemizu, and N. Watanabe, of the multiple-input dc-dc converter," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 625-631, June 2004. [8] A. C. Baisden, A. Emadi, "ADVISOR-based model of a battery and an ultra-capacitor energy source for hybrid electric vehicles," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 53, Issue. 1, pp. 199-205, Jan. 2004. [9] A. Di Napoli, F. Crescimbini, S. Rodo, and L. Solero, "Multiple input dcdc power converter for fuel-cell powered hybrid vehicles," 33rd Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 4, pp. 1685-1690, 23-27 Jun 2002. [10]L. Solero, A. Lidozzi, and J.A. Pomilio, "Design of multiple-input power converter for hybrid vehicles," lj9th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition, vol. 2, pp. 1145-1151, 2004. [11]Y.M. Chen, Y.C. Liu, and S.H. Lin, "Double-input PWM dc-dc converter for high/low voltage sources," 25th International Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 27-32, 19-23 Oct. 2003. ~~~~~~~"Characteristics Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on January 23, 2009 at 15:52 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.