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World War I
I Background
What is Nationalism?
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19th century Nations/Nationalism became big: Common language, customs, cultural traditions
values
Cultural Nationalism: pride for nations cultural accomplishments
Political Nationalism: seeking independence for national agenda
What led to 19th century Nationalistic Movements?
- The French Revolution & Congress of Vienna intensified nationalism
What was the Congress of Vienna?
- It was a meeting led by Klemons von Metternich: (leader Austria)
What was the goal of the Congress of Vienna?
- Conservative governments feared revolution would create more turmoil (Popular sovereignty) and
undermine stability
- Meaning they wanted to suspend the national consciousness
1814-1815 Austria, Russia, Prussia Britain attempted to restore pre-Revolutionary order
Therefore,
- European monarchs wanted to create a balance of power
They did this by
- restoring power to European monarchies by dismantling Napoleon empire
- arrival)
- To create a balance of power they met at the Congress of Vienna
What were the major terms of the Congress of Vienna?
- They 1st created the encirclement of France; which created a buffer zone around France
- They took all French territories that were gained during Napoleon’s conquest
- The Austrian Netherlands with the Dutch Republic (it created the Dutch Netherlands)
- The Confederation of the Rhine was created (which was 38 German states)
- Spain was handed southern Italy and Austria was given northern Italy
- They then restored the French monarchy
- Plus Britain gained colonies & Russia gained most of Poland
How was Nationalism fostered by Napoleon’s conquest and the terms of the Congress of Vienna?
- The French Revolution created an environment that challenged absolute rule
- Which led to new political philosophies:
Conservatives:
- They wanted to restore Europe to pre Revolutionary times
- They wanted to restore strong monarchies throughout Europe
- They tried to stop revolutions by: censor pamphlets, by 1815, could not suppress movements
Liberals:
- They supported the ideas of the Enlightenment; they wanted freedom of religion, speech, and press
- They supported the ideas of the French Revolution
- They wanted parliamentary governments throughout Europe
Radicals:
- They wanted equality more than liberty
- They wanted voting rights for the poor
- They wanted some more economic equality for the poor
All of these conditions fostered nationalistic movements
When:
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1820s-1840 national movements swept across Europe
What was the major 19th century Nationalistic Movements?
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Greece, Italy, Germany, Jewish Independence
The Background behind Greek Nationalism
- In 1821, the Greek people sought independence from the Ottoman empire
- Aided by the British, French and Russia Greece formally gained independence in1830
- This fueled nationalist movements in Spain, France, Portugal and some German states called
constitutional governments(based on popular sovereignty)
- Italy, Poland and Belgium (Netherlands) demanded independence and formation of nation states
and popular sovereignty
- 1848 new wave of invasions: brought down French monarchy and threaten Austrian monarchy
Meanwhile: Italian nationalism led to their independence
The background of Italian Nationalism
- Before Napoleon’s conquest Italy was part of the Holy Roman Empire
- After the Congress of Vienna Austria was given northern Italy and Spain controlled Italy
Therefore:
- This control led to resentment which fostered nationalism and independence movements
Who led and fostered the development of Italian nationalism and independence?
-
Giuseppe Mazzini (formed group “Little Italy” goal to break away from Spanish and Austrian rule
Throughout 1820-1848 Little Italy led uprising to gain their independence
Led by Mazzini and Carmillio di Cavour (a shrewd politician Italy formed an alliance with France
Then in 1859, broke away from Austrian rule
Then led by Giuseppe Garibaldi (an Italian nationalist) won control of southern Italy (1860)
Italian independence led to nationalist movements in Ireland, Switzerland and Hungary (19th
century)
1.
2.
Britain, France, Russia aided Greece (1827); overcame Ottoman forces
Uprisings in Italy, German states (in Rhineland); 1849 order restored
Unification of Germany
In beginning of the 19th century the Holy Roman Empire collapsed
Meaning:
- Since collapse of Roman Empire Germany was decentralized
Germany was split into 300 hundred jurisdictions
- Congress of Vienna: created 39 German states (dominated by Austria)
In the 1860s German unification began
Who/when did German unification begin?
-
1862 King Wilhelm I (Prussia appointed) Otto Von Bismarck (prime minister)
Bismarck master of Realpolik (politics of reality) speeches and talk won’t solve problems
(rebellion of 1848)
After unification Germany started industrialization to gain respect
-
Blood and Iron will (military and industry) expanded Prussian army
1864-1870 provoked 3 wars with Demark, France (Franco Prussian War 1870 and Austria
1871 King of Prussia proclaimed himself emperor of 2 nd Reich (2nd empire after Holy Roman
Empire
When & what was the Zionist Movement?
- In 19th Nationalism also created conflict and Zionist movement
Zionism: Holds the Jewish people constitute a nation and have right to form independent state
How was the movement started?
- They lived in various states throughout Europe/world;
This led to anti-Semitism
- Anti-Semitism is racist feelings against Jewish people
Where was it most visible?
-
Especially visible in Austria Hungary and Germany; also in eastern Europe Poland and Russia (led
to pogroms) 1881 massacres led to thousands of deaths/loss of property
- In France, (1894) Alfred Dreyfus military officer accused of spying for Germany fueled antiSemitism; later found innocent
- Led to fueling of Zionist movement: Theodor Herzl (reporter covering trial) pamphlet “Judenstaat:
Advocated to create homeland for Jews to solve anti-Semitism
- In 1917, British government officials proclaimed the Belfour Declaration
What was the Belfour Declaration?
- It advocated for the creation of a Jewish homeland
- 1948 state of Israel created;
Background to World War I
1871-1914
- adopted foreign policies that brought Europe to the brink of war
- encompassed five continents to participate; Industrial Revolution caused mass destruction 15
million causalities and 24 million wounded
- caused huge debts and soaring inflation
- Great War created nine nations. Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania
Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland
- It also created Bolshevik Revolution 1917 (Communism vs. Capitalism)
What were the causes of World War I?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Imperialism (India, Japan, China, Africa)
Nationalism (Germany, France, Italy) eastern Europe/Balkan Region
Distributed balance of power: Russia, Ottoman Empire and Hapsburg Empire
Alliances
Arms Race
Reasons for war (countries)
Germany 20th
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
World power militarism (threatened G.B economically)
1870 Germany’s industrial input 13% G.B 32% 1900they were tied at 14 %
arms race (naval power key markets/trade routes, and wars at sea)
Led Britain to build Dreadnoughts (battleships)
Fear & Military alliance between France & Russia.
France
1. Wanted war. because they wanted to regain Alsace and Lorraine (Franco Prussian War 1870)
Great Britain
1. Worried about overseas empires in Africa & Asia.
2.1701 war of Spanish succession
3. Louis 15th tries to put his grandson on the throne
Italy
1.
Wanted to take Italian provinces
Austria
1. Goal was to maintain the strong influence in Balkan
Russia
Czar Nicholas II, but run by a group
-Wanted war in Europe.
1. Glory too their military in Europe
2. Extend Russia influence in Eastern Europe & Balkan peninsula
3. Food shortages
4. Warm water part, which have to be on black sea controlled by Ottoman Empire,
Serbia
Pan Slavic movement wanted to unite Slavic southern Europe.
Slavs into one nation under
Triple Alliance (central powers)
1. Germany (worried about war with France)
2. Austria (1879 dual alliance pact; protection against Russia/ neutral against another attack) allowed them
to pursue Balkan interests
3. Italy (Italy joined in 1882; fear of France
a. Triple Entente/ triple alliance
1. Great Britain (formed 1904 Britain/Russia)
2. France (France/Britain 1907)
3. Russia aimed at resolving colonial disputes
Balkan Region
1. Greece
2. Romania
3. Bulgaria
4. Monte Negro
5. Serbia
What and how did events in the Balken region led to war?
Sebia wanted to create a Slavic state therefore they
- Bosnia & Herzegovina 1908 annexed.
- Russia joined in conflict
- Germany helped A.H.
- 1912-Russia convinced Serbia, Bulgaria, Monte Negro, Greece to form Balkan league & declare
war on Ottoman Empire
Taking Macedonia gaining control of straits to Black Sea.
- 1913- Balkan league defeatd Ottomans & took Macedonia.
- Serbia wanted outlet to Adriatic Sea
-Annex Albania
-Hungary objects calls on Germany & Italy
-Bulgaria attacked Serbia & Greece backed by Germany, tried to take Macedonia Serbia doubled territory.
- Serbia formed-in region to make Slav. State Bosnia Herzegovina.
Enter the Black Hand
Who was the Black Hand?
- They were a nationalistic group
What was their goal?
- To create a Slavic state.
How did they gain promince?
- In Austria, People are given few political rights during Francis Joseph III reign.
-Francis Ferdinand II policy of moderation.
6/28/1914-Assasination of Ferdinand (Austria used this event to crush Serbia).
Kaiser Wilhelm II Russia opposed to Soviet Union’s, France did not want Germany to have another
diplomatic victory.
July 1914-France backs Russia to support Serbia even war.
Ultimatum- 7/23- A.H. sends Serbia
1. End all attacks of Serbia
2. Involve investigation of the assassination
3. war July 28,1914
Alliance system
-Russia mobilizes against Germany instead of A.
-Germany demands end of Russian mobilization
-Russia with help of France does nothing
-Germany declares war on Russia 8/1/1914
8/3-war on France
-Italy stays neutral, while Ottomans support war.
-Central powers, because of, France, Russia, G.B., Serbia all become allied powers.
-1914 Wilson peaces without victory support towards allies.
-Lusitanian affair May, 1915. German U-boat sank the Lusitanian (passenger ship) claiming that it was
carrying ammunitionay7, 1915 they sank the Lusitanian killing 1,200 people
-2 wks. Later the Arabic was sunk, 2 Americans died.
-U.S said this type of warfare had to stop.
1916- German fleet in the high seas into North Sea hoping to British ships battle of land or the coast
of Denmark.
Schlieffen plan is called for a quick strike against France (France small, Russia big)
Aug. - Germany had to go through Belgium (neutral)
-G.B. told Belgium that it would protect them.
-British & French troops told slow German advance through Belgium
-Germans get as close to Paris 1 day.
-Battle of Marne River 9/14
-Russia by now mobilized
-Germany moves forces on eastern front
-1916 Italy goes to allied side (France) promises of Austrian. Territory
-Shifts themselves
Changes in warfare
-Planes with bombs and machine
-guns
-tanks
-submarines
Trench warfare (Eng. Channel to Alps)
-100 yds. Apart
-front line
-poison gas
-mustard gas
-no man’s lands
War at sea
-failure of Schlieffen plan new strategy
-2-1 G.B. outnumbered Germany
-U-boats could stay under water
-had to determine enemy and/or allied ships
-G.B. looked like merchant ships with arms
-War zone in and around G.B.
-All ships would be sunk.
-U.S. objects to this because of trading status
-U.S. neutral starts of war
-U.S. would be in a position to neg. peace.
Conflict in the Pacific
War escalates into global conflict (3 reasons)
1. European power carries conflicts into their colonies
2. Men were recruited to fight from colonies (millions of Africans/Asians)
3. 3. U.S., Japan and Ottoman Empire had little to do with the murder of Ferdinand or European
conflicts
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Japan sent ultimatum to Germany (wanted to secure peace in east Asia)
Demanded that Germany hand over Jiaozhou (northeastern China province)
Plus withdraw German warships from Chinese and Japanese waters
Japan entered war 1914 on side of allies after refusal to give in to ultimatum
Allies also target German colonies in Africa
- Germany controlled four colonies in Sub Saharan
Russian Revolutions
-Russian rev.1914-1915- advance after that war effort, lacking supplies and men Russia suffered losses
-Economic and political events (Strikes in St. Petersburg)
1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicated throne could not suppress movements
Power struggle between two groups (rebellions spread) 1 st Revolution of 1917 (February) Provisional
and Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers and Deputies
- New government (Provisional Government) popular repealed ban on freedom on speech,
abolished laws that discriminated against ethnic and religious groups
- Stays in war, & failed to bring land reform and end to war
- Lenin (Marxist) did not believe proletariat could lead revolution
- He led the Bolsheviks (radicals of Russian Social Democratic Party)
- Gained control of government; “Peace, land and bread” October rev.
- -Signs treaty with central powers “Treaty of Brest”
- Russia Gave 1/3 of its territory and quarter of population
Back to the War U.S. involvement
-Renewed policy of submarine warfare 1/31/1917
1917-Zimmerman foreign secret telegram to Mexico saying if U.S. got involved Mexico should
declare war on U.S. in return they would get N.M., AZ, & TX.
4/6/1917-U.S. enters war
Great Easter Rebellion Ireland tries (Scottish rebels) to overthrow government (1916)
11/11/1918-war ends
10-13-million die
14 points
-seas freedom
-imperialism
-League of Nations
1. war guilt cause
2. 33 billion
3. Versailles
The Mandate System
- Former colonies broken down into 3 categories:
- Arabs made because British and French them independence from Ottoman Empire (Independent
states in Syria and Lebanon)
- Jewish people were promised homeland
- 1st uprising 1821 Balkan peninsula “Greece” wanted independence from Ottoman Empire