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Notes 7c-1
China
-Civilization one of the oldest in the world
(4000+ years old)
-Culture model for all of Asia
-Saw the outside world as inferior
-barbarians
-Family foundation of Chinese society
-more important than self or state
-extended family
-parents, children, and grandparents all
living under one roof
-few sins higher than showing disrespect
towards parents
-elderly had privileges and power
-young had practically none
-most important virtue was respect towards
parents
-few sins higher than treating parents
with disrespect
-women inferior
-sons would rule over mother
-Fitial Piety
-respect for one's parents, family, and
ancestors
- Shang dynasty (1766 to 1122 B.C.) (Shong)
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-China's first dynasty
-many felt existed only in legend
-1920's found evidence that it did
-invented horse-drawn war chariots and
writing system
- Yellow River location of first civilizations
- Zhou (Chou) dynasty (1122 to 256 B.C.)
pronounced Joh
-tired of paying tribute
-mandate of heaven
-approval of the gods to rule (could lose
mandate of heaven by ruling gov. well)
-overthrew the Shang's because they did
not rule efficiently
-reigned for 900 years
-longer than any other dynasty in
Chinese history
-Feudalism
-inventions
-iron, irrigation systems, plow, coin
money
RELIGIONS
1.Kung Fu-Tzu (12 years older than Buddha)
- known as Confucius (551-479 B.C.)
- China's greatest philosopher and teacher
- interested in ethics and morality in politics
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-not concerned with the soul or the worship
of gods
- five social relationships
1. Ruler and subjects
2. Father and son
3. Husband and wife
4. Older and younger brothers
5. Friends or members of a community
- superior person was expected to set good
examples of moral behavior
- Confucian virtues
- integrity (good morals, or strong
character), loyalty, generosity, good manners,
politeness
-350 years after his death, millions of
Chinese started to follow his teachings
2. Taoism (300's B.C.) "the way" (the way
of the natural universe)
-against Confucianism
- felt a person should avoid social
obligations and lead a simple spontaneous and
meditative life close to nature
- some became hermits
-one with nature
-live like the animals do (the natural
way)
3. Buddhism
-reached China about first century
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-strongest in the 800's
Ch'in (Qin) dynasty (221 B.C. to 206 B.C.)
- first empire in China
Shih Huang Ti
-first emperor
-China is named after his dynasty
- est. strong central government (lasted
for 2000 years)
- own currency and writing system
-extended the Great Wall of China
(linked them together)
- 1800 miles
- 20 to 50 feet high
- one million laborers were forced
to work on the wall
-thousands of humans lie in the
walls from hard work and cold winters
-worked because it was law
and to brake the law meant death
- built roads and canals
-very cruel
-focus of punishments not rewards
-i.e. road without a permit then
ear or hand was cut off
-all books were burned that were
considered not helpful to prevent criticism
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Han dynasty (202 B.C. to 220 A.D.) pronounced
Hon
- avoided extremes of rigid rule; thus,
endure for 400 years
- traded with the Roman Empire
- Chinese silk
-the great silk road was 4000 miles
long that linked China to the West
-proclaimed Confucianism as the official
belief for his gov.
- developed their own calendar, star maps,
magnetic compass, water clocks, sundials,
instrument to record earthquakes, discoveries in
chemistry and medicine, learned to make paper,
invented glazes that gave plates and bowls a smooth
clean surface
Sui dynasty (220-618) pronounced sway
-greatest empire in the world
-surpassed Europe in culture and technology
-became a model for all eastern Asia
T'ang dynasty (618-907) pronounced Tong
-Golden Age richest most powerful country
in the world
-capital over 2 million people
-long finger nails sign of high class (no
manual labor)
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- 655 control of Korea
- Wu Hou (660-705)
- only woman ever to hold that title in
China
-stayed in power for 45 years
-690 ruled by self
- encouraged trade with other nations
- greatest empire in the world at that time
- elegant houses, temples, palaces,
broad streets and landscaped parks
- Japan, Korea, and Tibet copy their culture
Sung Dynasty (960 to 1126) pronounced Soong
-peak of Chinese history
-highest standard of living in the world
-would buy peace
-1004 paid chieftain 6250 lbs of silver,
200,000 bolts of silk
-gave gifts of 4375 lbs of silver,
150,000 bolts of silk, and 30,000 lbs of tea
-trade was important
-rice, tea, and silk
- population shifted to the cities
- prosperous time
-inventions
-compass (magnetized needle floating
in bowl of water)
- gun powder
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-first to use paper money (1st in world)
-counterfeiters were beheaded
-developed a system of printing
-not invented in Europe until 1450
-invented porcelain
-calculating machine
Mongol Empire (1200's-1294)
Genghis Khan (ruler of the world)
-excellent military strategist
-one of the greatest conquerors in world
history
- first time China had been ruled by a
foreign country
- died in 1227
- grandson Kublai Khan
- great ruler
-ruled in Peking or Beijing
-ruled for 34 years
-died in 1294 which weakened the
Mongol rule in China
-many Chinese inventions taken back to
Europe during Mongol rule
- Marco Polo (Italian)
-17 years old
-leaves with his father and uncle in
1275
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-returns with a large fortune in
1292
- writes a book about Chinese
culture
-Kublai Khan made him an official
in Mongol gov.
-talked about burning of black
stones (coal) not used in Europe at that time.
100,000 white horses as a gift. postal service
200,000 messagers on paved roads (10,000 relay
stations)
Ming Dynasty
- 1368 to 1644
-returned to a purely Chinese state
-become a sea power in the 1400's
-greatest naval sea power in the world.
Seven voyages across the Indian Ocean, 100 ships,
27,550 men. Treasure ships were the largest in the
world at that time. 440 feet long 180 feet wide 1500
tons (15 times the size of Portuguese ships)
-1405 Zhang He (Jung Huh)
-expeditions to India, Arabia, and
Africa
-300 ships 28,000 merchants and
crewmen
Forbidden city
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-just for emperor and court. 250 acres, halls,
private palaces, libraries, theaters, gardens, athletic
fields. 6,000 cooks (lavish meals). 10,000 to 15,000
lived there
Manchu Dynasty (people of Manchuria)
- 1644 to 1912
-foreign dynasty
-seen as barbarians to the Chinese
people
-marriage with Chinese forbidden
-all Chinese men had to braid their hair
into a long pigtail (sign of low status)
-China considered all foreign countries
inferior and expected them to pay tribute
-view trade as a privilege given to
foreigners, not as a right
-1800: 300 million more than all of Europe.
1850: 430 million (millions starving) 1998: 1
billion 210 million (US 265 million)
- War with Great Britain (1842)
-Opium
-Great Britain would buy opium in
India and sell it in China
-millions of Chinese became
addicts
-drained Chinese treasury
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-Chinese government tries to stop
the selling of opium
-Great Britain defeats China after 3
years
-Chinese used cannon and
boats that were used in the 1300's vs British gun
boats (iron-hulled steam ships)
-laid out the conditions of
trade
-gain 5 Chinese ports
-get Hong Kong for opium
lost
- War with Japan (1895)
- Japan gets Korea and Taiwan
-lost territory to Russia, France,
Germany
-foreigners controlled China's trade and
economic policy
Modern China
- struggle between Nationalist and
Communist forces in China (1920)
- Chiang Kaishek
- Nationalist government
-overthrew last emperor 1911
- flee's to Taiwan
-Why did we support a corrupt gov.
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-cold war Demo vs Comm.
-Taiwan new gov. of China. US
called Rep. of China until 1972. Would not
recognize communist government
- Mao Tse-Tung (from a peasant family)
-Communist government
- 1949 communists had gained control
of China
- People's Republic of China
- becomes ruler of China
- dies in 1976
- positive: under his leadership famine
was wiped out, illiteracy was almost wiped out,
women were treated as the equals of men, united
country
- negative: millions of Chinese are put
to death
-many others are put in prison
-1989 Tienanmen Square
-college students called for demo.
reforms
-gov. declares martial law
-strict controls maintained over a
nation by military forces
-troops are sent in and 100's of unarmed
students are killed
-leaders are arrested and killed
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-martial law lifted in 1990
Japan
Shinto (3000's B.C.) "The Way of the gods"
- oldest surviving religion of Japan
- worship many gods (Sun god highest)
- stress patriotism and the worship of
the emperor
-central ideal was to worship nature
- 90 percent of people are Shintoists
- 75 percent Buddhist
- came 552 B.C.
History of Japan
-no writing system before 300, thus we
know very little of early history
-adopted Chinese system of writing,
cooking, gardening, drinking tea, hairdressing
-800's stopped copying China
Jimmu
- first emperor of Japan (5th century
A.D.)
- founder of the imperial family
(Yamato)
- never been overthrown
- most ancient ruling house in the
world
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- had very little power
- Shogun
- ruled over military matters in the name
of the emperor
- basically ran the country
- Samurai "One who serves"
- class of warriors
- brave and loyal to its lord
- honor was very important
- if lost would commit suicide
- Seppuku
- belly-slitting
Zen Buddhism (Zen means meditation)
-different form of Buddhism
-brought in by Japanese monks (1200's)
-emphasized enlightenment through
meditation
-very disciplined
-if student looked somewhere Zen
Master would beat student with a stick
- Mongols
- Kublai Khan
- 1274 and 1281 try to invade
Japan
- 140,000 men
- typhoon destroyed his fleet
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-Kamikaze: divine wind which
saved Japan
- Portuguese
- first Europeans to reach Japan 1543
-intro. musket which changed warfare
-intro. Christianity
-1614 banned
-thought they were trying to
take over
-1638 tortured and executed
36,000. 105 left alive.
- Feudalism
- ends by the late 1800's
-forced to trade with other foreign
countries
- Shogun's rule ended in 1868
- Mutsuhito (1868-1912)
-Meiji (enlightened rule)
-ruled 15 years old
-ruled for 45 years
- decided to adapt western ways into the
Japanese culture so they could eventually become
superior to the west
- Japan goes from a feudal society into
a modern state during his reign
- Goals
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1. knowledge shall be sought all
over the world to strengthen Japan
2. land was to be owned by the
government
3. Samurai class was to be
abolished
4. Japanese draft
5. military reorganized
- army after the French
- navy after the British
-1853 steam engine iron
gun boat
- national loyalties were more important
than loyalties to one's family
-imperialism
- defeated China in 1895 for control of
Korea and Taiwan
-Sino-Japanese war
- defeated the Russians in 1905
-Russo-Japanese war
-38 out of 40 ships sank
- Japan becomes the leading power in
Asia (early 1900's)
-1938 in control of parts of China
-Japan threatens Philippine Is. (US is in
control of)
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-US cuts off fuel and iron supply to
Japan to help China
-Wanted to control all of Eastern Asia
attacks US to get it
- 1941 attacked Pearl Harbor
-Joins the Axis Pact
-Germany, Italy, and Japan
- 1945 surrendered to the Allies
- Emperor Hirohito announced his
surrender
-died 1989
- 1947 democratic constitution