Download BY 124 SI Test II, Session I I. Animal Diversity 1. What are some

BY 124 SI
Test II, Session I
I. Animal Diversity 1. What are some basic characteristics of the animal kingdom? What characteristics make them different from plants? -­‐Eukaryotic, heterotrophic (we don’t make our own food), we store carbohydrates as glycogen, sexual reproduction is dominant form of reproduction, no cell wall, gastrulation occurs -­‐Plants have a cell wall, undergo sexual and asexual reproduction, store carbohydrates as starch, do not undergo gastrulation (but do have embryonic tissue) 2. What is gastrulation? Is this kingdom specific? Phylum specific? Explain the basic process of embryonic development Gastrulation is the process by which different embryonic tissues form in the blastula. Gastrulation is specific to Kingdom Animalia (excluding sponges) but occurs in all phyla (except for sponges) ** You do not have to know super specifics of embryonic development for this test so only know the details presented in the book for this chapter Process: 1. The zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis) to form an eight-­‐celled embryo 2. Cell division continues to create a blastula which is a hollow ball of cells 3. Gastrulation occurs once the blastula has formed. A portion of the cells begin to fold inward a. The archenteron is the hollow portion in the center-­‐ this becomes the gut b. The outside cells become the ectoderm (think epidermis of skin=outer) c. The inside cells become the endoderm d. The blastopore becomes either the mouth (protostome) or anus (Deuterostome) ** Animals with 2 tissues are called DIPLOBLASTIC. Animals with 3 tissues are called TRIPLOBLASTIC. All animals with tissues possess ectoderm and endoderm. Animals with 3 layers (triploblastic) have mesoderm 3. Choanoflagellates resemble what? What is the significance of this resemblance? Choanoflagellates resemble the collar cells (choanocytes) in sponges. This demonstrates there is a common ancestor that links all animals If you are confused think back to the plants. Green algae is similar to the charophytes which demonstrated a common ancestor. BY 124 SI
Test II, Session I
4. What are the two types of symmetry? How do they differ? Bilateral: animals are split into two halves, they have sides (left /right) Radial: like a pie, these animals have no distinct sides Why is this important? Most of the more advanced organisms have bilateral symmetry, why? Bilateral animals have a left and a right side that need to communicate. Think about the brain. The left side and the right side need to have a way to communicate in order to have optimal functioning. The same principle applies to animals. The left and the right sides need to communicate in order for the organism to function efficiently. How do they communicate? Some sort of nervous system/tissue! Nervous tissues allow animals to integrate senses which allows them to have advanced functions 5. Complete the following chart: Type of Coelom Organization of body cavity Acoelomate No body cavity (coelom) The outer portion is lined with ectoderm The middle portion is filled with mesoderm Endoderm lines the digestive cavity *These animals have no body cavity, which means they have no room for internal organs. No organs=less specialized, this is why there are no higher level organisms with acoelomate body structure Pseudocoelomate Outer portion of body is lined with ectoderm Mesoderm lines the ectoderm Digestive tract is lined with endoderm only *These animals have a PARTIALLY lined body cavity (hence why they are named BY 124 SI
Test II, Session I
Coelomate pseudo-­‐). The presence of the cavity allows them to have some organs/supportive structures but the lack of a TOTALLY lined cavity provides little support Outer portion of body is lined with ectoderm Mesoderm lines both the ectoderm and the digestive tract with a space in between the layers (coelom) *The presence of a cavity with lined mesoderm allows for muscular support and internal organs. This is why the higher order animals are coelomates 6. Complete the following table Protostome Deuterostome Cleavage Spiral and determinate Radial and indeterminate Coelom Formation Masses of mesoderm form Mesoderm grows as an on each side of the out pocket of the archenteron near the archenteron blastopore and grow towards the cavity Fate of Blastopore Blastopore becomes Blastopore becomes anus mouth 7. What is the Parazoa/Eumetazoa split? Parazoa are sponges, which lack true tissues. Because sponges lack tissues they have no symmetry and are classified as asymmetric. When the phylum tree splits from Parazoa to Eumetazoa tissues appear. Eumetazoa have tissues and symmetry BY 124 SI
Test II, Session I
II. Animal Phyla Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Parazoa Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera Y/N tissues No Y/N organ systems No Symmetry: asymmetric Body plan: sac type Digestion: intracellular They feed by: Collar Cells: drive water past the cells via flagella Amoebocytes: distribute food, store food, rid of wastes Reproduction: Asexual or budding Larvae is ____ciliated_ ________ Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria Y/N Tissues No Y/N vascular system No Symmetry: Radial Digestion Extracellular They have ____nerve_ _________ _______nets_ _________ which are noncentralized arrangements of neurons Cnidocytes which are unique to this phylum have a ____nematocyst_ ___________ which is a whip like barb Alternation of generation: __polyp______ (stationary) and medusa (free floating) Class Hydrazoa Exist on as a ____polyp_ _______ Larva are called __planula_ ________ BY 124 SI
Test II, Session I
Class Scyphozoa __ _Medusa_________ is the dominant stage Known as the ___ true___________ jellyfish Class Cubozoa Known as ___box jellies____________ and __sea wasps____________ Class Anthozoa Only stage present is _polyp_ _________ Includes the _corals______ _____ and _______sea anemones______________ Build coral reefs through coral skeletons Symbiotic relationship with algae called __ ____zooxanthellae___________________ The skeletons of corals are ___hydrostatic ____________ meaning their cells can contract Phylum Ctenophora Commonly known as the ___ comb jellies____________ due to their __8 comb rows______________ Symmetry: radial These are the largest animals to use _cilia___ _________ to move Y/N tissues THE ACOELOMATES Phylum Platyhelminthes Commonly known as the __ flatworms________________ They have a branched gastrovascular cavity with ___ ___extracellular_________ and ____intracellular_ _________ digestion Y/N circulatory system No Y/N respiratory system No Have special ___flame cells_________ located in the __ _protonephridia _____________ which aide in excretion (These are comparable to the human kidney) Have ____nerve chords______________ which help to communicate with the left and right sides of the body Body Plan: tube in tube Class Turbellaria Includes the ____Planaria________ Haveeye spots _ __________ which are only sensitive to light Are capable of learning Class Trematoda Commonly known as the ____ flukes________ Y/N all are parasitic Yes BY 124 SI
Test II, Session I
Class Cestoda Commonly known as the ___ _tapeworms__________ ___Scolex__ _________ is the head region Have _____proglottids_____ ___________ which are repeating sections of reproductive organs The Pseudocoelomates Phylum Rotifera Commonly known as the ___rotifers_ __________ These are special in that they each organism has the same number of __cells _________ Use a ___mastax__ _________ to grind food Parthenogenesis can occur Have a complete digestive system Body plan: tube in tube Y/N organs Yes Phylum Nematoda Commonly known as the ____round worms_ ___________ Can be free-­‐living or ___parasitic____ _______ Have a hydrostatic skeleton Body Plan: tube in tube Y/N organs Yes Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Parazoa Phylum Porifera Subkingdom Eumetazoa Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Cubozoa Class Anthozoa Phylum Ctenophora Acoelomates Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Turbellaria Class Trematoda Class Cestoda BY 124 SI
Test II, Session I
Pseudocoelomates Phylum Rotifera Phylum Nematoda