Download Proxy Wars - Streetsboro City Schools

PAGE 1
Unit 2 – Outcome 2.3
The Cold War
Proxy Wars
GLOBAL HISTORY 12
WWW.NICKJORDAN.CA
HORTON HIGH SCHOOL
2014
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The Truman Doctrine
Helping to rebuild
This doctrine, first used in Greece and Turkey in the late 1940s, vowed to provide aid
(money & military supplies) to support “free peoples who are resisting outside
pressures”
Sir Winston
Churchill
In a 1946 speech,
Churchill said, “An
iron curtain has
descended across the
continent” - the
division of Europe
1948
Truman Doctrine
Stop Communism
Buying Friends
Containment
Loyalty $$
The American policy
of “containment”
soon expanded into a
policy known as the
Truman Doctrine”
By 1950, the U.S. had
given $400 million in
aid to Greece and
Turkey
GLOBAL HISTORY 12
CHINA – QUELLING A REVOLUTION
•
For two decades, Chinese communists
had struggled against the nationalist
government of Chiang Kai-Shek
•
The U.S. supported Chiang and gave
the Nationalist Party $3 billion in aid
during WWII
•
However, Mao Zedong’s Communist
Party in China was strong, especially
among Chinese peasants
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The Cold War Heats Up!
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Chinese Civil War
BATTLE FOR RED CHINA
•
After Japan left China at the end of the
War, Chinese Nationalists and Communists
fought a bloody civil war
•
Despite the U.S. sending $ billions to the
Nationalists, the Communists under Mao
won the war and ruled China
•
Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to
neighboring Taiwan (Formosa)
•
Mao established the People’s Republic of
China
MAO
Kai-Shek
REPARATIONS
•
The American public was shocked
that China had fallen to the
Communists
•
Many believed containment had
failed and communism was
expanding
•
American fear of communism and
communist expansion was
increasing
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YOU OWE US
Definition
•
Wars between opposing
superpowers where they
use third parties as
substitutes for fighting
each other directly
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Proxy Wars
The North Attacks the South
June 1950 – July 1953
•
On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces
swept across the 38th parallel in a
surprise attack on South Korea
•
With only 500 U.S. troops in South
Korea, the Soviets figured the
Americans would not fight to save
South Korea
•
Instead, America sent troops, planes
and ships to South Korea
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The Korean War
AMERICAN PUSH BACK
At first, North Korea seemed
unstoppable
However, General MacArthur
launched a counterattack with tanks,
heavy artillery, and troops
Many North Koreans surrendered;
others retreated across the 38th
parallel
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MacArthur
CHINA JOINS THE WAR
•
Just as it looked like the
Americans were going to
score a victory in the North,
300,000 Chinese soldiers
joined the war on the side
of the North Koreans
•
The fight between North
and South Korea had turned
into a war in which the main
opponents were Chinese
Communists vs. America
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Korean War
KOREAN WAR
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Let’s Attack China!
•
To halt the bloody stalemate,
General MacArthur called for an
extension of the war into China
•
Furthermore, MacArthur called for
the U.S. to drop atomic bombs on
several Chinese cities
•
President Truman rejected the
General’s requests
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Korean War
MacArthur vs Truman
•
MacArthur continued to urge
President Truman to attack China
and tried to go behind Truman’s
back – Truman was furious with
his general
•
On April 1, 1951, Truman made
the shocking announcement that
he had fired MacArthur
•
Americans were surprised and
many still supported their fallen
general
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Korean War
Fidel Castro Takes Over Cuba
•
•
•
•
•
U.S.-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista
1959 coup – led my Fidel Castro –
-Strong nationalist views
-Didn’t like the United States’ political and corporate
influence in Cuba
Castro establishes ties with the Soviet Union and
develops Marxist Policy.
Eisenhower views Cuba as a threat to democracy in the
Western Hemisphere
-Authorizes the CIA to train and arm Cuban exiles
to secretly overthrow Castro
Kennedy continues this when he takes over the
presidency
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Cuban Revolution
Bay of Pigs Invasion
• 1400 Cuban exiles were being trained by the
CIA in Nicaragua
• Less than 3 months into his presidency,
Kennedy ordered the invasion of Cuba
- U.S. believed an invasion would start a
popular uprising against Castro
• April 17, 1961 the troops land at the Bay of Pigs
- Fighting lasts for only 3 days
- No popular uprising
- Castro’s army surrounds the invaders
• Military and political disaster
• Weakens the prestige of Kennedy and
strengthens Castro worldwide
• Nikita Khrushchev comes across as the defender
of Latin America against U.S. imperialism
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Cuban Exiles Invade Cuba
U.S. Spy Plane Detects Soviet Missiles in Cuba
• October 14, 1962 U.S. spy planes photograph
missile bases being built in Cuba
- Soviet Union was supplying Cuba w/missiles
- Medium-range to intermediate-range missiles
capable of reaching as far north as Pittsburgh
and Detroit, and as far west as Denver
• Obvious threat to the Monroe Doctrine
• U.S. doesn’t want the Soviets this close
• What should Kennedy do?
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Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy Orders a Naval Blockade
• Kennedy orders a naval blockade to stop the
Soviet Union from delivering any more missiles
and calls for the dismantling of all missiles in Cuba
- Calls it a “quarantine” because a blockade is
considered an act of war
- This means the U.S. will only stop military ships
heading to the island, not normal supply ships
• By October 25 the missile sites were still actively
being worked on, and more Soviet ships were on
the way
• Stalemate—nuclear war looks imminent
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Cuban Missile Crisis
Cooler Heads Prevail
•
October 27- CIA reports that all missiles in Cuba
were up and ready for action
•
October 27- U.S. informs NATO allies to be
ready for military action any second
•
October 28- last second agreement is reached
between Kennedy and Khrushchev
- The Soviets will remove all missiles from Cuba
and to stop sending ships with more missiles
- The U.S. guarantees not to invade Cuba or
support any group who does
- Secretly- the U.S. will remove missiles from
sites in southern Italy and Turkey
PAGE 17
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Vietnam had been a
colony of France
– Known as French IndoChina
• Communists began to
fight for independence
from France after
WWII
– Led by Ho Chi Minh
• Communist forces
defeated French at
the Battle of Dien Bien
Phu in 1953
– French forces
surrender to Ho Chi
Minh
• 1954 Peace
conference in Geneva
divides Vietnam into
North Vietnam and
South Vietnam
• Communist North
Vietnam led by Ho Chi
Minh
• Supported by Soviets
• South Vietnam led by
Ngo Dinh Diem
• Anti communist government
• Supported by United
States and France
• Promised free elections
• Communist Viet Cong in
the South began
attacking South
Vietnamese government
– Were supported by Ho
Chi Minh and N. Vietnam
– Used guerrilla tactics
• United States began
sending troops and
money to help South
Vietnam resist
communist Viet Cong
and North Vietnam
– Domino theory and
containment policy
– 500,000 U.S. troops by
1968
• American forces were unable
to defeat communist forces in
Vietnam
– Communist use of guerrilla
tactics to fight superior force
– South Vietnamese government
was unpopular
– Lack of support for the war by
American public
– U.S. bombing of rural
agricultural areas increased
peasant support for communists
• President Richard
Nixon ordered cease
fire and began pulling
troops out of Vietnam
in 1973
– Vietnamization policy
turned fighting over to
South Vietnamese
troops
• North Vietnamese
captured South
Vietnamese capital of
Saigon in 1975
– Reunited Vietnam
under communist rule