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Between indigenous and international psychology: Towards a proper psychology curriculum. Sarlito Wirawan Sarwono Persada Indonesia University, Jakarta [email protected] 7/19/14 1 Early efforts of understanding human mind: • Main questions since ancient Greek (B.C.): – What is mind? – Is it identical with the body (monism) or different entities (dualism)? – Is it given by nature (nativism) or learned (empiricism) September 2010 2 The Reneisance Francis Bacon (1561-1616): Empiricism, inductive 7/19/14 Rene Descartes (1596-1650): Rationalism, deductive 3 The influence of physiology: Interaction of Body and Mind Sir Charles Bell (1822) & Francois Magendie (1811) September 2010 The reflex arch 4 Psychology as an independent science W. Wundt: 1879, Psy. Lab, Leipzig University; structuralism 7/19/14 W. James: 1889, Chair of Psy, Harvard University; Functionalism 5 I.P. Pavlov (1849-1936): Classical conditioning September 2010 6 Behaviorism Stimulus-response theory • Learning theory • Operant conditioning 7/19/14 BF Skinner (1904-1990) and His teacher JB Watson (1878-1958) 7 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Psychoanalysis • Depth Psychology • Unconsciousness September 2010 8 Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) • Field Theory • Cognitive psychology • B : f (P , E) – Behavior is a function of Personality and Environment. • Here and now September 2010 9 Humanistic Psychology: Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) September 2010 10 7/19/14 •S–O–R Humanistic • Stimulus -consciousness -unconsciousness Cognitive • Stimulus -Response Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Main schools of psychology in 20th century • Hierarchy of motives 11 Development of Western Psychology Theory (1879) Structuralism (W. Wundt) Individual Practice Psychoanalysis (S. Freud) (1900) Social Application (1940) 7/19/14 T Group (K. Lewin) Functionalism (W. James) Behavior Therapy (J.B. Watson) Client Centered (C. Roger) Positive Psychology (M. Seligman) 12 Development of Indonesian Psychology Individual Practice (1953) Theory First Indonessian disertation (1974) (F. Hassan) Social Application (1980) 7/19/14 The right man in the right place (S. I. Santoso) Psychology for you (M. Gandasubrata) 13 Recent Development of International Psychology: Internationalization • International organizations (IUPsyS, IAAP, ICP) • Regional organizations (South America, Asia, South East Asia, South Asia, European, Pacific, African etc) • International organizations of specific branch of psychology (cross cultural, sport, therapy, law, environment, GLB, etc) • International division of national organization (Division 52 of APA) • Indonesian psychologists start going international 7/19/14 14 Recent Development of International Psychology: Indigenous psychology • Universal psychology paradigm doesn’t fit to non-white Americans (Native, Hispanic, Indian, Chinese etc) and native Australians • Kim and Berry (1993), and Kim, Yang and Hwang (2006) published books on indigenous and cross cultural psychology 7/19/14 15 Indigenous psychology in Indonesia • Different ethnics, cultures, languages, geographical areas, etc. • No standard of social norms, tradition, way of thinking and even psychological test norms. • Need of studies in indigenous and cross cultural psychology • Sarwono, as dean of psychology, University of Indonesia launched two new compulsory subjects (1999): – Indigenous psychology – Cross cultural psychology • Recently the two subjects have been adopted by most faculites of psychology in Indonesia. 7/19/14 16 Change of Psychology curriculum in Indonesia •Philosophy •Sociology •Anthropology •Physiology/Neurology •Statistics •Qualitative methodology •Clinical psychology Early stage (1960) 7/19/14 Later stage (19902010) •Philosophy •Biology •Quantitative methodology •Clinical psychology •Social Psychology •Philosophy •Biology •Mixed method •Clinical psychology •Social Psychology •Indigenous & cross cultural psychology •Applied psychology Current stage (2011- …) 17