Download Clinical Trials

National Cancer Institute
Clinical Trial Cooperative Groups
Perspectives from the
National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project
Joyce Mull, MPM
Director, Regulatory Affairs
NSABP Foundation, Inc.
Third Annual Medical Research Summit – March 7, 2003
1
Presentation Goals
• Overview of National Cancer Institute Cooperative
Group Trial Program for cancer-related trials.
• Individual Group (NSABP) perspective – example of
the group organization and how it conducts its
research
• Current NCI initiatives affecting Cooperative Groups
2
What is a Cooperative Group?
• Cooperative Groups are research networks formed
by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to bring
researchers, cancer centers, and doctors together to:
– identify important questions in cancer research, and
– design and conduct clinical trials to answer these
questions.
• Cancer Cooperative Groups are located throughout
North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.
3
Overview of the Clinical Trials
Cooperative Group Program
• The Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program
was conceived in 1955 when Congress was
approached with a proposal to increase support
for studies of chemotherapy for cancer.
• Emphasis is placed on definitive, randomized
Phase 3 studies and the developmental efforts
preliminary to them.
4
Overview
(continued)
The Cooperative Groups have been instrumental in
the following:
• The development of new standards of cancer
patient management.
• The development of sophisticated clinical
investigation techniques.
5
Cooperative Group Program
Major Objectives
• To conduct large multicenter trials for the
investigational agents sponsored by the NCI.
• To enable the rapid accrual of patients while reducing
the possible bias of studies carried out at a single or
a few institutions.
6
Major Objectives (continued)
Through the Cooperative Group mechanism, the NCI
has established an apparatus that:
• is constantly in place,
• has considerable flexibility in resource allocation,
and
• can accomplish rapid testing of promising new
cancer therapies in large patient populations.
7
Alternatives to Cooperative Groups
• The alternative to the Cooperative Group mechanism
involves costly and unwieldy resources for a
pharmaceutical company to conduct trials on a
similar scale.
• In terms of acceptance in the research community,
Cooperative Group trials remove the possibility of
bias sometimes associated with a trial run by a
pharmaceutical company.
8
Cooperative Group Program Goals
• Therapy: The highest priority is to conduct
therapeutic research aimed at improving the survival
and quality of life for persons with cancer.
• Adjunct Research: The goal is to address scientific
questions about molecular genetics, epidemiology,
pathology and other cancer-related topics using:
– the database of patient information accumulated in the
course of treatment research, and
– the large-scale collection of biologic samples with
subsequent correlation of specific features with
patient outcome.
9
The Scope of the Cooperative
Group Program
• Approximately 20,000 new patients are accrued onto
Group treatment studies each year.
• 12,000 new patients are evaluated annually on
ancillary laboratory correlative studies, and many
times the combined number are in follow-up.
• Thousands of individual investigators participate in
Cooperative Group protocols.
10
Cooperative Group Organization
• The Cooperative Groups are heterogeneous in their
research objectives and their structures.
• The common thread, however, is the development
and conduct of large-scale trials in a multiinstitutional setting.
11
Cooperative Group Organization (continued)
Groups fit into 4 categories:
• Groups that are specifically disease-oriented (e.g.,
gynecologic oncology)
• Groups that are designed to deal primarily with high
technology, single modality studies (e.g., radiation
therapy)
• Groups in which the investigators have a particular
expertise (e.g., pediatricians)
• Multimodal National Groups
12
Current List of NCI-funded
Cooperative Groups
1. American College of Surgeons Oncology Group
(ACOSOG)
2. Cancer and Acute Leukemia Group B (CALGB)
3. Children’s Oncology Group (COG)
4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG)
5. Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG)
6. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel
Project (NSABP)
7. North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG)
8. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)
9. Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG)
13
How do Cooperative Groups
receive their funding?
• Each Cooperative Group is supported to continually
generate new trials compatible with its particular
areas of interest and expertise, as well as with
national priorities for cancer treatment research.
• Unlike most other major NIH cooperative clinical
trials efforts, the Cooperative Group structure and
funding are not usually linked to any specific clinical
trial(s).
14
Funding
(continued)
• The NCI awards grants to the Cooperative Groups
through a peer-reviewed application process,
currently renewable on a 3- or 6-year basis. Progress
reports are required annually for continuation of the
award.
• Cooperative Groups also receive funding support
from other sources, such as pharmaceutical
companies, advocacy groups, technology
companies, and individual donors.
15
The NSABP – One Cooperative
Group’s Perspective
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Research Mission
Membership
Funding
Organizational Structure
Protocol Development
Repositories
Current Cooperative Group Challenges
16
What is the NSABP?
• The NSABP is a Cooperative Group whose research
focuses on the treatment and prevention of breast
and colorectal cancer.
• The group has a more than 40-year history of
designing and conducting clinical trials that have
changed the way breast and colorectal cancer is
treated and prevented.
17
Several Achievements of the NSABP
• NSABP's breast cancer studies led to the establishment
of lumpectomy plus radiation over radical mastectomy as
the standard surgical treatment for breast cancer.
• The NSABP was the first to demonstrate that adjuvant
therapy could alter the natural history of breast cancer,
increasing survival rates.
• The NSABP was the first group to demonstrate on a large
scale the preventive effects of the drug tamoxifen in
breast cancer.
• The NSABP was one of the first groups to demonstrate
that adjuvant therapy was effective in the treatment of
colorectal cancer.
18
Examples of Current NSABP Clinical Trials
NSABP B-31
• Phase 3
• Two-arm adjuvant treatment trial evaluating
standard therapy (doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide
followed by paclitaxel) with and without
investigational drug (trastuzumab).
• Accruing with a goal of entering 2700 patients with
breast cancer (47% accrued).
• Over 142 participating main centers, branching out
to over 500 local centers.
19
Examples (continued)
NSABP P-2 (STAR)
• Phase 3
• Double-blind prevention trial comparing 5 years of
standard therapy (tamoxifen) and investigational
drug (raloxifene).
• Accruing with a goal of 19,000 healthy
postmenopausal women at risk for developing
breast cancer (81% accrued).
• Over 500 participating centers.
20
Who are NSABP members?
• The NSABP has research sites at nearly 200 major
medical centers, university hospitals, large oncology
practice groups, and HMOs in the United States,
Canada, Puerto Rico, Australia, and New Zealand.
• These centers diverge further to involve local
networks, thereby increasing our reach to 500+
treatment centers.
• More than 6000 physicians, nurses, and other
medical professionals conduct NSABP treatment and
prevention trials.
21
Where do we get our members?
• NSABP physicians recruit individual members locally
within their institutions.
• New institutions can be established following an
application process when a physician expresses an
interest in participating in NSABP trials.
• The NSABP headquarters actively promotes its trials
at conferences, through professional journals, and by
means of its own speaker’s bureau to increase
awareness of the group’s activities.
22
What does NSABP membership require ?
In making application to become an NSABP institution,
the Principal Investigator must, among other things:
• describe the support resources available to assure
timely compliance with group administrative and data
requirements;
• identify how patients will be recruited and entered on
trials (institutions are expected to enter, at a
minimum, between 10-28 patients yearly);
• identify pharmacy resources and how handling of
investigational drugs will be monitored; and
• document a sufficient accrual record to clinical trials.
23

P1 & P2 site
New P2 site
P-2 STAR
Sites in U.S.,
Canada &
Puerto Rico
24
How is the NSABP organized?
Board of Directors
Chairman
Scientific Advisory
Board
Data Monitoring
Committees
Genetics Advisory
Committee
Director of
Biostatistical Center
Operations
Center
Biostatistical
Center
Scientific & Administrative Committees
Member Institutions
25
How is a protocol developed?
• Initial proposals to address scientific questions
generally come from within the group membership,
from pharmaceutical companies, or the NCI.
• The feasibility of the proposal is discussed at the
headquarters level, and then a working group with
NSABP members and NSABP Operations and
Biostatistical Center staff will develop the scientific
questions to be answered and the basic study
design.
26
How is a protocol developed? (continued)
• The proposed design is then brought before the
respective disease committee (i.e., breast or
colorectal committee) to determine interest from
NSABP members.
• If the committee indicates sufficient interest and
support, then a protocol team is established to
formulate the clinical trial.
• A formal concept is submitted to the NCI for review
and approval, and, if approved, protocol development
ensues.
27
Timeline for a Protocol
• Protocol development of a large-scale Phase 3 trial
takes anywhere from 12-24 months from inception to
initiation.
• In recent years, trials have become more complex,
including components to assess quality of life and
correlative studies with blood and tumor specimens.
28
Timeline (continued)
• Studies involving investigational drugs require
pharmaceutical company support for supply and
distribution of the drug. Cooperative groups
encourage the use of the drug distribution system
maintained by the NCI.
• In addition to the grant funding provided to NSABP
members, pharmaceutical funding is often provided
to support the direct costs of additional testing or
research efforts that are outside standard of care,
and the overhead costs for staff support of such
efforts.
29
NSABP Repositories
• NSABP Tissue Bank – A collection of over 60,000
annotated breast and colorectal cancer tissue
specimens maintained at the NSABP headquarters in
Pittsburgh, PA.
• NSABP Blood Specimens – A collection of over
30,000 specimens from breast and colon cancer
patients that is divided between three facilities in
Washington, Texas, and Maryland.
• Overseen by Soonmyoung Paik, MD, Director of the
NSABP Division of Pathology.
30
NSABP Repositories (continued)
The samples collected in NSABP trials are of significant
value to the research community for the following
reasons:
 they are collected from a patient set receiving
defined, standardized treatment;
 the stage of the tumor is known and can be linked to
a defined set of patient characteristics;
 they are collected and processed in a standardized
manner; and
 they can be linked to structured, long-term follow-up
information with survival data, in some cases in
excess of 20 years.
31
NSABP Repositories (continued)
• Researchers who want to use NSABP samples must
submit a proposal for review to the Director of the
NSABP Division of Pathology.
• They must also provide their own funding for their
research.
• The NSABP follows a formal review and approval
procedure as described on the NSABP Web site at
http://www.nsabp.pitt.edu/NSABP_Pathology.htm
32
Current Issues Affecting
Cooperative Groups
The NCI has several major initiatives to accelerate the
pace of clinical research and more rapidly answer
important research questions. Two of these
initiatives involve widening access to trials and
streamlining measures:
• CTSU – Cancer Trials Support Unit
• CIRB – Central Institutional Review Board
33
Goals of the CTSU
• Increase physician and patient access to NCIsponsored clinical trials
• Streamline and standardize information collection
and reporting
• Reduce regulatory/ administrative burden on Cancer
Cooperative Groups
34
Goals of the CTSU (continued)
• The system makes NCI-sponsored Phase 3 treatment
trials available to qualified oncologists and patients
in the United States and Canada.
• Doctors who are not affiliated with an NCI-sponsored
Cooperative Group must complete an application and
credentialing process to become members of the
CTSU’s national network of investigators.
35
Benefits of the CTSU are:
• Facilitation of the enrollment of patients on clinical
trials and the collection of research data;
• Production of education and training materials
(available online);
• Development of a protocol access and referral
system to enable patients and network investigators
to locate trials of interest and sites where they are
being conducted; and
• Provision for centralized auditing, regulatory, and
fiscal management support.
36
Challenges the CTSU presents to
Cooperative Groups
• The overall effect has been a merger of 10 diverse
groups having a similar goal (cancer research), but
widely differing procedures and organizational
structures.
• The Cooperative Groups have had to reorient their
independent procedures and database systems to
accommodate this more unified approach.
37
Challenges
(continued)
• Groups are faced with common problems of limited
staff, training requirements, deadlines set by the NCI
irrespective of the Group’s priorities, and costs to
implement new systems.
• Cooperative Groups have concerns about data
quality, monitoring, and compliance from new
investigators unfamiliar with the clinical trial process.
38
The Central Institutional
Review Board Initiative
• The Central Institutional Review Board (CIRB)
Initiative, started in 2000, is a pilot project sponsored
by the NCI, in consultation with the DHHS Office of
Human Subjects Protections (OHRP).
• Created to develop an innovative approach to human
subjects protection, the unique feature of the CIRB is
its "facilitated review" process that can streamline
local IRB review for national multicenter cancer
treatment trials.
39
CIRB Benefits
• Local IRBs participating in the pilot will be able to
reduce their review workload while still retaining their
authority to accept or reject a "facilitated review" on
a protocol-by-protocol basis.
• Patients and investigators will benefit from the
resulting rapid opening and greater availability of
new trials.
40
CIRB Benefits (continued)
The primary goals of the initiative are:
• To improve access to clinical trials for patients and their
physicians by enabling local IRBs to rapidly approve NCI
sponsored multi-site trials through the use of a facilitated
review process.
• To enhance the protection of research participants by
providing consistent expert IRB review at the national level
before the protocol is distributed to local investigators.
• To collaborate more effectively with local IRBs thus
allowing them to focus on the actual conduct of research at
their institutions and to educate their staff on the ethical
conduct of human research.
• To reduce the administrative burdens on local IRBs and
investigators associated with IRB submission.
41
Challenges the CIRB presents to
Cooperative Groups
• The overall challenge that the CIRB presents to the
Cooperative Groups is procedural, in that the CIRB
review process is tied to the NCI review process of
protocol projects.
• At the current time, the CIRB meets on a monthly
schedule and reviews a limited number of protocols.
This has resulted in delays in the overall approval
process for Cooperative Group trials regarding trial
initiations and modifications.
42
Summary
The overall goal of this presentation has been:
• to make others aware of NCI Cooperative Groups and
NCI initiatives associated with cancer research, and
• to define some of the “alphabet soup” related to NCI
Cooperative Groups.
43
Several Web Sites of Interest:
• NCI
http://www.cancer.gov
• NSABP http://www.nsabp.pitt.edu
• CTSU
http://www.ctsu.org
• CIRB
http://www.ncicirb.org
44