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Abnormal Psychology: Historical
and Modern Perspectives
Chapter 1
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Chapter Outline
 Normal vs. Abnormal Behavior
 The History of Abnormal Behavior and
Its Treatment
 Current Views of Abnormal Behavior
and Treatment
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Normal vs. Abnormal Behavior
Being different
Individuals possessing abilities that distinguish them
from the general public
Deviant behavior
Behaviors straying from societal “norms” or
standards
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Real People, Real Disorders…
Does being a “loner” and
“socially awkward”
Ted Kaczynski
constitute abnormal
behavior?
Gifted mathematician
Modern technology
(entered Harvard at 16)
causes stress &
unnatural demands
Diagnosed with
paranoid schizophrenia His plan for revenge
Left civilization for a
Have you ever
wished you
life of isolation
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could live a
day without
technology?
Why or why
not? Is this
abnormal?
Normal vs. Abnormal Behavior
Behaving dangerously
Result from intense emotional states or may signal
the presence of a psychological disorder, but alone is
not necessary or sufficient
Behaving dysfunctionally
Patterns of behavior that interfere with normal daily
routines, such as one’s social, occupational, and
emotional functioning, causing significant distress
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Definition of Abnormal Behavior
Inconsistent
with societal
norms
Inconsistent
with cultural
norms
Abnormal
Behavior
Emotional
Distress
Inconsistent
with
developmental
norms
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Interferes with
daily
functioning
Factors to Consider When Addressing
Abnormal Behavior
Personal
characteristics,
such as sex, race,
or ethnicity
Age (chronological
age vs. developmental
maturity)
Developmental
trajectory is when
symptoms vary by
age.
Socioeconomic
status (SES)
Education level
Biological changes
(particularly hormonal
changes associated with
puberty)
Downward drift is
impairment as a result of
psychological disorder.
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Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
in Children by Age and Sex Figure 1.1
The rate of psychological
disorders decreases as boys
enter teen years, but increases
as girls enter adolescence.
Adapted from Costello, E.J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A.,
Keeler, G., & Angold, A., "Prevalence and development
of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence."
Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837-844. Figure 1.
Copyright © 2003 by the American Medical Association.
Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
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rights reserved.
What factors do you think
contribute to the increase or
decrease of psychological
disorders based on gender?
History and Abnormal Behavior
Ancient Theories
-Ancient cultures, such as ancient Egypt, believed in
spirits who controlled much of the environment,
including aspects of a person’s behavior.
-Treatment
-Trephination a method used to create a hole in
the skull to release the evil spirits
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History and Abnormal Behavior
Classical Greek and Roman Views
-Hippocrates (460–377 BC), father of medicine
-The first to identify the following psychological
symptoms: hallucinations, delusions,
melancholia, hysteria, and mania most often
associated with schizophrenia, somatoform
disorders, and mood disorders
-Environmental factors, physical factors,
and four humours (blood, phlegm, yellow
bile, and black bile)
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History and Abnormal Behavior
Middle Ages through the Renaissance
-Influence of the Roman Catholic Church
-Abnormal behavior = work of the devil
-Witchcraft evolved as a popular theory to
explain abnormal behavior with100,000
women slain in Europe as a result of these
accusations
-Mass hysteria
-Enlightenment by Johann Weyer and Dr. Paracelsus
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Witchcraft, Demons, and Alien
Abductions, Oh My…
Let’s examine the
evidence
1. Do you believe in
ghosts and the
supernatural? Or
that other life forms
exist?
Fact: Over hundreds of
years, many people have
reported cases of
spiritual visitation
Evidence:
-No objective scientific
data
-Lack of physical proof
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History and Abnormal Behavior
Nineteenth Century – moral treatment
characterized by:
-The removal of patients from “warehouse” asylums
into specialized facilities devoted to the care and
treatment of the mentally ill
-Advocacy for a more humane method of treatment
-The use of respect, kindness, religion, and vocation
-Key founders: Philippe Pinel, William Tuke,
Benjamin Rush, Dorothea Dix, and Emil Kraepelin
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Quick Recap
1. During _____, people believed abnormal
behavior stemmed from an imbalance of
humours, which consisted of blood,
black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.
(a) ancient times
(b) the Middle Ages
(c) The classical period (Greek and Romans)
(d) the Renaissance
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Quick Recap
2. During the ______, the emphasis was on
viewing people with mental illness as
worthy of receiving respect and
kindness, and incorporating moral
treatment as the method of care.
(a) Roman period
(b) Middle Ages
(c) twentieth century
(d) nineteenth century
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Current Views of Abnormal
Behavior and Treatment
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The Neuron Fires, Sending An Impulse
to the Next Neuron
Dendrite: tree-like
branches that
receive messages
from the neurons
Neurotransmitters:
chemicals that
transmit information
to and from neurons
Figure 1.2
Soma: keeps
the cell alive
Neuron: nerve cells
found throughout the
body and brain that send
and receive messages
Axon: tube-like
structures that carry
messages to the cells
Synapse: space
between neurons
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Biological Models
Biological scarring – years of living with a
disorder causes changes in the brain
Behavioral
genetics.
Hereditary factors
Brain malfunctioning or structural
abnormalities
Viral infection theory – when a fetus is
exposed to toxins or a virus while in the
prenatal stage of pregnancy, or shortly after
birth
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Psychological Models
Psychoanalysis
- Founder Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
- Three regions of the mind: id, ego, and superego
- Defense mechanisms used as a way to prevent or
cause abnormal behavior
- Psychosexual stages of development: oral phase, anal
phase, phallic phase, latency phase, and genital phase
- Treatment options centered around: dream analysis,
interpretation, free association, insight, and catharsis
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Psychological Models
Modern Psychoanalytic
- Carl Jung and the development of analytic therapy
- Alfred Adler and the development of individual
psychology
- Contemporary models of psychoanalysis
- Ego psychology
- Object relations theory
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Psychological Models
Behavioral
- We are “Products and Producers” of our environment,
meaning we learn our behaviors, or in some cases we
adopt maladaptive behaviors as a source of coping
- Vicarious conditioning is learning by observing a
person’s behavior and then incorporating that into
your own way of behaving
- Behavior is learned in a variety of fashions, such as
social learning, operant conditioning, reinforcement,
and punishment
- Treatment
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History and Abnormal Behavior:
Twentieth Century
Psychoanalytic
1. Sigmund Freud
2. Unconscious
3. Environmental factors
4. Parental influence
5. Infancy, particularly the
first five years of life
6. Sexual urges
Behaviorism
1. Ivan Pavlov and John B.
Watson
2. Pavlov’s dogs and
classical conditioning
3. Little Albert
4. Little Peter
5. Behavior can be learned
and unlearned
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Psychological Models
Cognitive
- Founder Aaron Beck (1921- )
- “Perception is our Reality,” meaning how we perceive the
occurrence of an event or situation impacts how we act,
think, and feel
- According to Beck, three distorted views exist for
someone with depression: negative view of self, the
world, and the future
- Treatment is focused on changing these distorted
cognitions or thoughts through the use of behavioral
experiments and traditional narrative or “talk” therapy
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Common Cognitive Distortions
After reviewing
these terms,
think of a time
when you
personally
adopted one of
these negative
assumptions.
Where did this
faulty belief
come from?
How would you
stop this way of
thinking in the
future?
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Psychological Models
Humanistic
1. Founder Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
 He believed abnormal behavior originates when one’s self
image and actual self are incongruent, thus limiting a
person’s ability to achieve her or his full potential
 Phenomenology is the term meaning one’s worldview
2. Client-centered therapy
 Genuineness
 Empathic understanding
 Unconditional positive regard
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Sociocultural Models Combine Issues
Surrounding…
Gender roles
Social norms
Socioeconomic
status
Cultural expectations
Race and ethnicity
Presence or absence
of social support
Interpersonal
resources
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How each piece of the puzzle works…
Biopsychosocial Model
- Since each individual case is unique, no single model
can fully explain the presence of abnormal behavior
- Systemic approach acknowledges that many different
factors contribute to the illness as a “whole”
- Diathesis-stress model
- Examines biological, psychological, social, and
cultural factors related to abnormal behavior
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The Diathesis-Stress Model
Figure 1.3
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How it all comes together…an adolescent has
been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa
Biological model
“There is an imbalance of
serotonin in the brain”
A biopsychosocial
way of thinking!
Cognitive model
“Distorted thoughts about
one’s body weight and
appearance”
Sociocultural model
Psychological model
“Societal and familial
“Inability to cope with
influences on the view of
stress”
beauty, emphasizing thin ideal”
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