Download World War I

Modern World History:
Unit 4a
The World at War: WWI,
the Bolshevik Revolution, and
the Lost Generation
(1914-1925)
Lessons 38-46
Text pages 360-465
History Content Standards for California Public Schools
Lesson #38
10.5 Students analyze the causes and course of the First World War.
1. Analyze the arguments for entering into war presented by leaders from all sides of the Great
War and the role of political and economic rivalries, ethnic and ideological conflicts,
domestic discontent and disorder, and propaganda and nationalism in mobilizing the
civilian population in support of “total war.”
The Causes of World War One
World History Lesson #1
2013
• Why was World War I (WWI) originally called “The War to End All Wars”?
– Nobody on the planet thought that another war as gruesome and deadly could
ever happen again, but one would follow twenty years later…so WWI was
simple know as “The Great War” until World War Two (WWII) happened
• Was this the case? Explain why/why not?
– The way WWI was settled would make another world war (WWII) inevitable.
• The main causes of World War One? (Answer to each following question is War)
1. Nationalism—patriotism causes fierce rivalries between countries… but how
do you find out who is the better country?
2. Militarism—the building of large armies and the development of new
weapons would increase Nationalistic feelings…but how do you know that
your army is trained properly and your weapons work?
3. Imperialism—competition for material and markets led to the creation of
colonies…but how do you get land when the world is already carved up?
4. Secret Alliances—friendships between countries would be unknown to other
countries…so what happens when one member of a gang is attacked?
• Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire
• Triple Entente—Great Britain, France, and Russia
5. Mass Media—ideas spread faster & easier to larger numbers of people...what
happens when people get all stirred up because of reported news?
• Kaiser Wilhelm II—(1871-1919) Emperor of
Germany when the “Great War” began in 1914.
– He wanted to show off how mighty Germany
had become with his superior army
– “I and the army are born for one another.”
• “Powder Keg of Europe”—the Balkans are a
mountainous area in SE Europe with a long history
of fighting over religion & ethnic groups.
– Austria-Hungary was trying to control the
region for its resources, Serbia was resisting.
– On June 28th, 1914, the heir to the Austrian
thrown, Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his
wife were assassinated by a Serbian rebel.
– Chain Reaction—Austria declares war on
Serbia, Serbian ally Russia steps in to help &
declares war on Austria, Germany jumps in to
help Austria & declares war on Russia, then
France jumps in to help Russia & declare war
on Germany, Germany attacks France thru
Belgium bringing ally Britain into the war…
• Machinery of war—all the causes were set into
motion at once…so WWI began.
The Chain Reaction to War
Gino Severini—Plastic Ideal of War
Lesson
#1(continued)
Map of Europe
The Balkans
The “Powder Keg” part of Europe
Assignment #38
Read pps. 363-366
Then answer the “Section 1 Assessment”
Question 2 on pg. 366
Main Causes of
World War I
Assignment #38
(Answers)
As countries
fought, others
would jump into
the “ring” to
help their
friends
People were
willing to fight
for their
country and
beliefs
Rise of
Nationalism—great
pride in one’s own
country
Secret Alliances—
secret friendships
between different
countries
Main Causes of
World War I
Imperialism—
taking over
another country to
use its resources
to gain wealth
When the world
was “carved” up,
Only way to gain
new lands was to
fight
Militarism—building
a large Army/Navy
armed with most
updated weaponry
Mass Media—
magazines and
newspapers
delivered to millions
of people
Only true way to test new weapons and ability of
soldiers was to go to war
News could
spread fast
and “stir” up
people
History Content Standards for California Public Schools
Lesson #39
10.5 Students analyze the causes and course of the First World War.
2. Examine the principal theaters of battle, major turning points, and the importance of
geographic factors in military decisions and outcomes (e.g., topography, waterways,
distance, climate).
The Alliances of WWI
World History Lesson #39
2012
• Where did almost all of the fighting in WWI happen?
– EUROPE
Who were the main “players” in the war?
• Triple Alliance (Central Powers)—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
Empire, Bulgaria
1. Germany—Kaiser Wilhelm II
2. Austria-Hungary—Franz Josef I
3. Ottoman Empire—Sultan Mehmed Rechad V
4. Bulgaria—Czar Ferdinand I
• Triple Entente (Allied Powers)—Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, (and later)
The United States
1. Great Britain—David Lloyd George
2. France—Georges Clemenceau
3. Italy—Vittorio Orlando
Over There—Glenn Miller (music link)
4. Russia—Czar Nicolas II
5. United States—Woodrow Wilson
• Neutral Countries—Switzerland, Spain, Netherlands, Scandinavia, (at start)USA
• Main Battles: Battles of the Marne, The Somme, Verdun, & Battle of Galipoli
Germany’s Leader
Kaiser Wilhelm
Franz Josef I
Austria-Hungary’s
Leader
Ottoman’s Leader
Bulgaria’s Leader
Sultan Mehmed Rechad V
Czar Ferdinand I
Czar Ferdinand I & Kaiser
Wilhelm II
Woodrow Wilson
Georges Clemenceau
Czar Nicholas II
George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson
Vittorio Orlando
David Lloyd-George
Allied Leaders
German Commanders
Hindenburg and Lundendorff
French General
Joseph Joffre
Link
World War I
Art inspired by the War
Assignment #39
History Content Standards for California Public Schools
Lesson #40
10.5 Students analyze the causes and course of the First World War.
2. Examine the principal theaters of battle, major turning points, and the importance of
geographic factors in military decisions and outcomes (e.g., topography, waterways,
distance, climate).
World History Lesson #2 - 2013
The Fighting Fronts of WWI
• Schlieffen Plan—Germany had to fight a two-front war and needed a swift defeat
of France to the West & then concentrate all forces to the East with Russia
• How was WWI fought on the Eastern Front?
– Russians vs Germans/Austrian-Hungarians
– Bloodiest battles of war happened with millions dying on both sides
• How was WWI Fought on the Western Front?
– French/British vs Germans
– Trench Warfare—opposing armies built miles of parallel trench networks and
dugouts to protect themselves from enemy fire.
• No Man’s Land—space of death between the opposing trenches
• A soldier wrote, “We sleep in mud, wash in mud, eat mud, & dream of mud…”
• Definition of Insanity–doing the same thing again and again but expecting
a different result…trench warfare was insane, crazy and senseless
• Stalemate—a situation when neither battling side can win.
– Both sides dug in and did not give up ground
– Armies traded huge loss of human life for small land gains
– In the Battle of the Somme—The British “won” and gained five miles, in the
Battle of Verdun the Germans gained four miles…millions were killed.
John Nash—Oppy Wood
The Schlieffen Plan
Trench Warfare
C.R.W. Nevinson—The Paths of Glory
World History Lesson #2
2013
The New Weapons of War
New weapons of mass death—leaders got really efficient at killing humankind...this
was the first war ever to kill over 25 million people (and only in just 4 yrs)
1. Tanks—the first armored vehicles with cannons and tracks that could go
just about anywhere on the battlefield.
2. Airplanes and Blimps—the first time flight was used to drop bombs on
soldiers below…creating new battles for control of the skies.
3. Poison gas—used to wound, disable, or kill soldiers…problem was that its
effectiveness was in the hands of the wind and often backfired on its users.
4. Flame throwers—high powered gas lit on fire and aimed at enemy troops.
5. Flares—ramparts shot into the sky at night to light up the grounds below to
increase vision for the troops
6. Machine guns—guns that would automatically fire round after round
without having to reload.
7. 9” Artillery—large exploding rounds were shot miles away onto targets.
8. Submarines—first time that undetectable underwater vessels were used to
sink warships by sneaking up on them.
9. Warships—massive steel ships with large crews & cannons for battles at
sea and to help landing parties attack from the seas.
Tanks & Subs
John Lavery—Convoy in the North Sea
Percy Lewis—Canadian Gun Pit
Air Planes
& Blimps
Max Von Pootch—Squadren Over Brenta
Sydney Carline—Destruction of a Turkish
Transport in Gorge of Wadi Fara
Felix Valloton—Verdun
C.R.W. Nevinson—Returning to the Trenches
C.R.W. Nevinson—Machine Gun
Paul Nash—Howitzer
Poison Gas
Poison Gas:
French
soldiers
wearing their
gas masks
during a
mustard gas
attack in 1917
Otto Dix—Assault Under Gas
Eric Kennington—Gassed & Wounded
John Singer Sargent—Gassed
Assignment #2
Read pps. 367-371
Then answer the “Section 2 Assessment”
Question 2 on pg. 371
War Declaration
Austria on Serbia
Germany on Russia
Germany on France
Britain on Germany
Reason for Declaration
Assignment #2
(Answers)
War Declaration
Austria on Serbia
Reason for Declaration
•
It was in Serbia were Archduke Ferdinand (of Austria) was
assassinated…Austria blamed Serbia for the killing.
•
Russia was an ally of Serbia…fearing Austria would cross Serbia,
Russia mobilized their army in support of Serbia…Germany was an
ally of Austria, so they considered Russia’s actions an act of war.
•
Knowing that France was an ally of Russia and were going to
help them out, Germany declared war on France two days after
they declared war on Russia.
•
Germany marches through (and conquers) Belgium in an attempt to
invade France…Britain is an ally of Belgium…angered by German
actions against their friend, Britain declares war on Germany.
Germany on Russia
Germany on France
Britain on Germany
History Content Standards for California Public Schools
Lesson #3
10.5 Students analyze the causes and course of the First World War.
1. Analyze the arguments for entering into war presented by leaders from all sides of the Great
War and the role of political and economic rivalries, ethnic and ideological conflicts,
domestic discontent and disorder, and propaganda and nationalism in mobilizing the
civilian population in support of “total war.”
3. Explain how the Russian Revolution and the entry of the United States affected the course
and outcome of the war.
World History Lesson #3- 2013
WWI: A Total War that Totaled Europe
• WWI was a somewhat global conflict—countries from around the world
were involved in the fighting from 1914-1918, but its primary focus was
really just on European countries fighting each other.
• Total War—countries devote all their resources to the war effort (natural
resources, human labor, capital, and government).
– Everybody worked & factories were converted to produce weapons & ammo.
• Rationing—civilians could only buy small amounts of certain goods used
in the war effort. These products ranged from bread and butter, to rubber
and gas, to canned goods, to leather for shoes.
• Propaganda—one sided info designed to persuade people to think or act
in a certain way (i.e—keep up soldier moral, enlist soldiers).
– Colorful posters urged support for the war by making soldiers look like
heroes and the enemy look like monsters.
– Satire was used to make fun of the enemy and their leaders.
• Censorship—keeping certain things out of the news and the media to keep
public opinion of the government in a positive light.
David Bomberg—Sappers at Work
Allies Propaganda
Allies Propaganda
Total War
Charles Ginner—The Filling Factory
World History Lesson #3 (continued)
Reasons forC.R.W.
the U.S.
Entry intoSoldiers
World
War I
Nevinson—French
Resting
• Why did Russia withdraw from the War?
– The Russian Bolshevik Revolution took over the country—they had their own
war to fight (amongst themselves) and could not fight Germany anymore
• When Russia withdrew from the war, the Germans concentrated all their military
on the Western Front against France & Britain…the Germans started winning.
Germany was winning WWI until the U.S. started sending fresh troops to the
Western Front after joining their allies in 1917 for the last year of World War I.
Why did the U.S. break their vow of isolationism and enter World War One?
1. Unrestricted submarine warfare—U.S. commercial ships were being sunk
(e.g.—USS Lusitania) by the German U-Boats—submarines
2. Economic ties with England and France…money tied up with friends.
3. Many U.S. citizens still had family in Europe.
4. The U.S. would be the needed replacement for Russia exiting the War
5. The U.S. was supplying weapons, ammo, & money to the allies anyway.
6. Zimmermann Note—German telegram sent to Mexico (intercepted by
British) persuading them to join the Central Powers…stated they’d help
Mexico “reclaim” lands lost to U.S. if they joined sides with Germany.
• Many historians believed the note to be a fabrication—a deceptive ploy
used by England to finally push the US into joining the war
• Armistice—signed in 1918 ending the war when Germany surrendered.
Leon Underwood—Erecting a Camouflage Tree
USS Lusitania
Wadsworth—Dazzled Ships in Dry Dock
Ottoman Propaganda
German Propaganda
German Propaganda
German Propaganda
Assignment #41
Read pps. 373-377
Then
Answer the “Section 3 Assessment”
Question 2 on pg. 377.
Explanation of Reasons for the United States Entry into World War I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assignment #41
(Answers)
Explanation of Reasons for the United States Entry into World War I
1.
Unrestricted Submarine warfare—the Germans were sinking U.S. commercial ships with their
U-Boats (sinking the USS Lusitania was the last straw).
2.
Money tied up with Friends—France and England were economic allies of the U.S.
3.
Many U.S. citizens still had family in European countries.
4.
The U.S. was supplying its European allies with weapons, ammo, and money…going war and
supplying soldiers was the next logical step.
5.
Zimmerman Note—stated that Germany was trying to get Mexico on their side in exchange for
giving land back previously lost to the U.S. (e.g.—Texas, New Mexico, California, Arizona, etc.)
History Content Standards for California Public Schools
Lesson #4
10.5.4 Understand the nature of WWI & its human costs (military and civilian) on all sides of
the conflict, including how colonial people contributed to the war effort.
10.6.1 Analyze the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders, the terms and influence of the
Treaty of Versailles and Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, and the causes and effects
of the United States’ rejection of the League of Nations on world politics.
World History Lesson #42 - 2012
The “Great Costs” of the “Great War”
A Total War: The Total Costs of “The Great War”:
Human Costs?
– 28.5 million dead,
– 21 Million wounded.
Money/Property Costs?
– $33.8 Billion—costs of financing the war plus the costs of millions of
destroyed acres of farmland, towns, and private homes.
Emotional Costs?
– Whole generation of people lost faith in mankind—war is seen as pointless
with unnecessary suffering & loss of human life— “The Lost Generation”
– Was labeled “The War to End All Wars”…no body wanted to believe that
anything like it could happen again, but the next world war would be worse.
• Who was the biggest “loser” of WWI—had the largest numbers of soldiers &
citizens killed, money lost, homes & cities destroyed, farmland ruined?
– Germany
• Who was the biggest “winner” of WWI—gained the most power, the most
money, and the best global political position?
– The United States
Human Costs of WWI: Allied Powers & Central Powers
Soldiers Killed/MIA
Wounded
Death Percent
Russian Empire
4,200,000
4,950,000
76%
Great Britain
1,100,100
2,090,200
36%
France
1,894,800
4,266,000
73%
130,500
234,300
8%
Germany
2,926,500
4,216,100
65%
Austria-Hungary
3,400,000
3,620,00
90%
Ottoman Empire
575,000
400,000
34%
United States
George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson
Felix Valloton—Church at Souia
Despair in the Great War
Graveyard of dead at Ypres
Dead French Soldier
Looking for missing loved ones
Ruins of Vaux, France
Dead Germans near Moislans, France
Tomb of the Unknown British Soldier
William
Orpen
Dead Germans in a Trench
Ruins of War
Thiepval
A Flawed Peace
World History Lesson #4—2013
The Treaty of Versailles was created and signed on June 28, 1919 to settle the
disputes between all the nations involved in World War I. Parts of the treaty:
1. League of Nations—international peace organization with representatives from
the countries around the world…place to talk instead of going to war.
2. The Ottoman Empire was shrunk to the current country of Turkey
3. Austria and Hungary were split and land was taken from them to help make
new countries, Russia lost territory in Eastern Europe.
4. New nations were created regardless of cultural and religious lines—
Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Finland, Estonia, and Latvia.
5. Germany had to pay damages to the Allies of $33 Billion (same as $3 Trillion today).
6. Germany had to give up all its colonies in Africa and the Pacific, plus give
manufacturing areas on the Rhine River and Alsace/Lorraine to France
7. Germany was not permitted to import or manufacture weapons.
8. Germany was not permitted to have any military (no navy, army or air-force).
9. Germany was not allowed a voice at the drafting of the Treaty, but was forced to
sign it and agree to all terms. (Russia was also not present)
10. War Guilt Clause—Germany had to accept blame for the WHOLE war—
especially the deaths of 15 million European people.
Crowd at signing of the Versailles Peace Treaty to end WWI
U.S. Soldiers Celebrating the Versailles Peace Treaty to end WWI
Treaty of Versailles Caused More Issues than It Solved
Treaty of Versailles—its faults would eventually lead to more world problems and eventually
cause World War II…examples of problems caused by this extremely “Flawed Treaty”:
1. The Humiliation of Germany…Germans would turn to any leadership that would help
them to regain their pride and previous greatness in Europe.
2. The Allies forced these “unfair” terms on Germany, turning many Germans against
similar democracies…which opened the door for a dictator to rule Germany.
3. German citizens would never accept the terms of peace, since they were never permitted to
be part of the negotiations…Hitler would constantly bring this up stating that the
Germans could only count on other Germans.
4. No way for Germany to pay the crazy sum of money without hurting themselves,
especially with limitations on building weaponry—a German specialty…inflation and
economic depression would increase the numbers of poor & make many people suffer
hardships—opening a door for Hitler & his promises.
5. War Guilt Clause—would be used by Hitler as a motivational tactic & rallying point for
gaining German citizens’ support; “They all blame us, but we are not…”
6. Germany would seek to regain the lands that they lost in the treaty.
7. Future wars would break out over the issue of religion in newly created countries like
Yugoslavia, conflicts that will tear apart some of the newly created nations.
8. The League of Nations would be a failure, because the U.S.A. would never join
Newly created Countries by the Versailles Peace Treaty
Newly created Countries by the Versailles Peace Treaty
New Europe after Treaty of Versailles
Assignment #4
Lasting
Effects of
World War I
Assignment #4
(answers)
28.5 Million
Lives lost /
$33.8 Billion in
property
damage
“Lost Generation”
of people due to
war’s negative
psychological
effects
Treaty of Versailles
(ended WWI)
made WWII
Inevitable
Lasting
Effects of
World War I
New Countries
were created like
Yugoslavia and
Czechoslovakia
Debts from the
war would help
cause the Great
Depression