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CHINA
CHINA
In eastern Asia World’s most populated country
Fourth largest country in terms of area
Beijing is the capital
Shanghai is the largest city
70% of it is mountains, hills, and highlands
Wide range of climates
Most farmland and people are in the east
Most live in towns or villages
Republic government controlled by the Communist party
Government controls economy but is letting more free enterprise
1 in 5 people are Chinese
Most work in agriculture
90% live in eastern China
92% are Han
Family is very important
Live modestly
Men marry after 22
Women marry after 20
Only allowed to have two kids
One of the world’s oldest civilizations
Developed the compass, paper, and
porcelain
Countries Around the World: China
thousand
The Chinese language has over a ___________________
characters in it.
calligraphy
An ancient form of writing from China is called _________________.
sickle
hammer
The ________________
and _________________
are two symbols of
Communism.
soybean
Besides rice the ______________________
plant has been grown in China for a
long time.
Red
____________
on the Chinese flag stands for revolution, the big star
Communist Party
represents the _______________________,
and the four smaller stars
people
stand for the __________________________
.
diverse
China has a ___________________________
climate.
paper money
The Chinese were the first to use _______________________
and
Yuan
their currency is called the _______________________
.
atheist
China’s official national religion is ______________________.
Yangtze River Delta
The __________________________________
has the most fertile soil in China.
MODERN CHINA CROSSWORD PUZZLE
less than 20 years
1/3
½
traditions and rituals
less than 10%
Privatization – the government not owning everything
It allows individuals to own land and start businesses
8 times larger
their writing
34 a minute and 7 million a year
construction projects
Chinese New Year
CHINA’S GEOGRAPHY and NATURAL WALL
1. What continent is China a part of?
Asia
2. This mountain range can be found along the southern border of China and India. It
contains the highest mountain peak in the world.
Himalayas
3. This desert is north of the Himalayas. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains
and on the east by the Tarim River.
Taklimakan
4. This river originates in the eastern Himalayas and flows toward the East China Sea. It
crosses the Sichuan Basin.
Yangtze
5. What direction is Egypt from China and how many miles apart are they?
West
<2300 miles
6. This river winds across northern China from the Himalayas. It has two names - one
being Chinese and the other English.
Huang He ~ Yellow
7. This mountain range runs along the border of China and Mongolia. It is bordered on
the east and south by a desert.
Altai
8. This is the water body that lies between the mainland of China and the small island
country of Taiwan. The Tropic of Cancer runs through this water body.
Taiwan Strait
9. This eastern region in China is close to the water and is considered one of the most
fertile regions in the country. It is directly south of the nation’s modern day capital
city.
North China Plain
10. What direction is India from China and how many miles apart are they?
South
Border one another
11. This water body is directly to the east of China. It lies between the mainland and
the island chain of Ryukyu.
East China Sea
12. This water body lies between China’s mainland and the Korean peninsula. It
shares it’s name with a river that winds through eastern China.
Yellow Sea
13. This fertile, flat area is located in northeast China and surrounded by the Greater
Khingan Range on the west and Russia on the north and east sides.
Manchurian Plain
14. This desert is found on the border between China and Mongolia.
Gobi
15. About how many miles wide and long is China?
Over 2500 miles east to west
over 1000 miles north to south
16. These are China’s western mountains and can be found between China and
Kyrgyzstan.
Tien Shan
17. This large plateau is found in southwestern China.
Plateau of Tibet
It is said that nature has built a natural wall around China. List the names
of the physiographic features which form China’s natural wall.
MOUNTAINS (4)
DESERTS (2)
SEAS (3)
Himalaya
Gobi
Yellow
Hindu Kush
Taklimakan
East China
Tien Shan
South China
Altai
What do you think will be the advantages and disadvantages to China
having a “natural wall”?
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Safe from invaders/protection
Difficult to trade/travel to/with others
Will have many natural resources
Cause isolation
CHINA’S PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
Yangtze River
Summer Temp. = 65° F
Winter Temp. = 22° F
Annual Precipitation = 40 ins.
Vegetation Type = rainforest
The Yangtze river (meaning “Long River”) is the longest river in Asia, and the fourth longest in the
world. It runs for a good 3,859 miles. To some people, it is considered a dividing line between
northern and southern China.
Yangtze River
Location:
flows through south central China
from the mountains to the sea
Facts:
-Also known as the Chang Jiang
-Yangtze = Long River
-Longest river in China and Asia and
4th in the world
-It sometimes does flood
-People use the river to move goods
between eastern and western areas
in the region
-Its surrounding lands are very
fertile
Gobi Desert
Summer Temp. = 113° F
Winter Temp. = -40° F
Annual Precipitation = 5.5 ins.
Vegetation Type = desert
The word “Gobi” means very large and dry in Mongolian. The Gobi Desert is the 5th largest
desert in the world and is Asia’s largest. It covers an area of about 500,000 square miles.
The Gobi Desert is a cold desert, and it is not uncommon to see frost or occasionally snow on its
dunes.
Gobi Desert
• Location
It covers part of China and Mongolia
Facts
- one of the world’s largest deserts
- Most of the desert is stony and its
surface is made up of small pebbles
and tiny bits of sand
- It is a cold desert, and it is not
uncommon to see frost and
occasionally snow on its dunes
- Vegetation is sparse and the plants
there tend to be small and widely
spaced
Himalayan Mountains
Summer Temp. = -13° F
Winter Temp. = -100° F
Annual Precipitation = 80 inches
Vegetation Type = none
. The Himalayan Mountains are the world’s highest mountain range and contain the world’s highest
mountain, Mount Everest, which is over 25,000 feet high. The Himalayas extend for 1,500 miles.
These mountains are extremely dangerous to travel through, not only because of their height, but
also because they are always covered in snow and ice.
Himalayan Mountains
• Location
Along China’s southern border
and forms a natural border
between the Indian
subcontinent
Facts
- the highest mountain range
in the world
- region is a bitterly cold place
- It is so cold that there is very
little or no vegetation.
Huang He (Yellow) River
Summer Temp. = varies
Winter Temp. = varies
Annual Precipitation = 16 ins.
Vegetation Type = sparse grasses
The Huang He River is the second longest river in China, as well as the sixth longest river in the world. It
stretches about 3,395 miles. This river is commonly known as the Yellow River, because that is the color of
the river from all of the sediment it carries. Another nickname for this river is “China’s Sorrow”. It is called
this because it has been known to have devastating floods.
Huang He (Yellow) River
• Location
It bends through north central China from the
mountains to the sea
Facts
- Second longest river in China, 6th in the world
- called the Yellow River because of the
enormous amounts of yellow silt
- Very muddy river
- Called "the cradle of Chinese civilization", as
its basin is the birthplace of ancient Chinese
civilizations
- the river has flooded more than 1,500 times,
causing much damage and loss of life. This has
also earned the river the name "China's
Sorrow".
North China Plain
Summer Temp. = 82° F
Winter Temp. = 28° F
Annual Precipitation = 23 ins.
Vegetation Type = grassland
The North China Plain is the largest flat lowland area in China. It stretches across an area of
158,000 square miles. The early Chinese considered this plain “the center of the world”.
North China Plain
• Location
- east central China
Facts
- is a flat region of grassland and
temperatures range from very warm
in the summer to cold in the winter.
- called the “Land of the Yellow Earth”
because the ground is covered by
yellow limestone silt from the Gobi
Desert
- This flat yellow-soil plain is the main
area of grains, corn, and cotton
production in China. Wheat, sesame
seed, and peanuts are also grown
here.
- The plain is one of the most densely
populated regions in the world.
Plateau of Tibet
Summer Temp. = 45° F
Winter Temp. = 18° F
Annual Precipitation = 10 inches
Vegetation Type = sparse grasses
The Tibetan Plateau is also called “the roof of the world”. It is the highest and largest plateau in the
world covering an area about four times the size of Texas.
Plateau of Tibet
• Location
The southwestern part of China is
dominated by the high Tibet
Plateau
Facts
- This area is often called the “Roof
of the World” since it is over two
miles above sea level
- It is a very large area, covering
almost a quarter of the land in
China
- very cold and dry climate with
sparse shrubs and grasses
- The natural vegetation is eaten by
antelopes and yaks that roam the
area
Taklimakan Desert
Summer Temp. = 100° F
Winter Temp. = 15° F
Annual Precipitation = 5 inches
Vegetation Type = desert
The Taklimakan Desert is known as the largest sand-only desert in the world. Many different
mummies have been found in this desert, and some date back over four thousand years. The word
“taklimakan” is known to mean “desert of death” or “place of no return”.
Taklimakan Desert
• Location
- located in western China, just
northwest of the Tibetan Plateau
Facts
- Over 105,000 square miles
- considered one of the most
dangerous deserts in the world
- “once you go in, you will not come
out”
- The desert’s huge sand dunes shift
and change as the wind blows the
sand around and sandstorms arise
with stunning speed
- the desert is very dry with vegetation
near oases only
- Legend says that two armies and
three hundred cities are buried in it
Tien Shan Mountains
Summer Temp. = 41° F
Winter Temp. = 15° F
Annual Precipitation = 10 ins.
Vegetation Type = forest
The Tien Shan Mountains are one of the longest mountain ranges in Central Asia. Their name
means “mountains of the spirits”. The mountains at their lower levels contain many spruce forests.
Tien Shan Mountains
• Location
- The northwestern tip of China and lies
to the north and west of the
Taklimakan Desert
Facts
- one of the longest mountain ranges in
Central Asia at 1700 miles long
- The name Tien Shan literally means
“celestial mountains” and is sacred to
those who practice Daoism
- Heavy rain and snowfall on the range
create a mountain environment that
contrasts dramatically with the arid
desert terrain of the southern foothills
- On the lower slopes, there are flowery
meadows and forests
- Top of them are covered with glaciers
Manchurian Plain
•
•
•
•
Summer Temp. = 75° F
Winter Temp. = 10° F
Annual Precipitation = 20 ins.
Vegetation Type = sparse grasses
The Manchurian Plain is also known as the Northeast China Plain. It covers an area of over
135,000 square miles. There are almost no trees on this plain. This area is good for raising
livestock and herding.
Manchurian Plain
• Location
- northeastern China - east of
Mongolia
Facts
- Also known as Northeast China Plain
- is a land of low hills and plains and
the natural vegetation is mostly
prairie grass
- It has short, warm summers and is
cold in the winter – dry in the north
and wetter in the south
- In general, the plain is too cold and
dry to be a good place for growing
crops but is good for herding and
livestock
CHINA’S GEOGRAPHY: HELPFUL or HARMFUL
HELP
Natural barriers give
protection
Rivers link/bring the
people together
Rivers flood and
enrich the soil for
farming
Rivers used for their
resources and as
transportation/trade
routes
HARMFUL
Natural barriers make
it hard to travel and
communicate
Numerous regions
formed and
developed their own
ways and, therefore,
the Chinese were not
unified
Rivers flood, destroy,
and kill
Deserts are dry
wastelands
OTHER FACTS
Southwest =
mountains
North and west =
mountains and
deserts
East = ocean
All of the above act
as barriers keeping
China both isolated
and safe
Yangtze River
Gobi Desert
Himalayan Mountains
Huang He/Yellow (River)
North China Plain
Plateau of Tibet
Taklimakan Desert
Tien Shan (Mountains)
Manchurian Plain
QUESTIONS on CHINA’S GEOGRAPHY
Name the mountains found in northwest China.
Tien Shan
The Huang He River and the Yangtze River flow in which
direction? west to east
eastward
What part of China are the Himalaya Mountains found in?
southern or southwestern
What direction would you travel in to get from the
Taklimakan Desert to the Gobi Desert?
northeast or east
Which physiographic feature of China has the warmest
summer temperature? Gobi Desert
Which physiographic feature of China has the warmest
winter temperature?
North China Plain
Which physiographic feature of China has the overall
coldest temperatures? Himalaya Mountains
Which physiographic features of China get over 20
inches of precipitation in a year?
Yangtze River, Himalayan Mountains, North China Plain, Manchurian Plain
Which physiographic feature of China is most like
Carroll County? Defend your choice with at least three
reasons. NORTH CHINA PLAIN: similar temperatures, both have
lots of grassland, both are farming areas growing corn,
somewhat similar precipitations, both on the east coast
Explain why over ninety percent of China’s population
lives in eastern China?
flat, reasonable temperatures, on the coast, two major rivers flow
through it, fertile soil
PREHISTORIC CHINA
Yangshao
Yangshao
• Began 10,000 B.C.E
• Settled near the Huang He (Yellow) River in
north central China.
• Were farmers in China
• Had houses built partially underground with
plastered floors and roofs supported by
wooden beams
• Created painted pottery with geometric
designs on it They used a kiln but no potter’s
wheel
Lungshan
Lungshan
• About 3000 B.C.E
• Settled near the Huang He (Yellow) River in northeast
China.
• Farmers that raised cattle, sheep, pigs, and dogs and
grew wheat and millet
• Eventually settled in southern China to grow rice
• Leaders arose to complete projects to control
flooding
• Created black pottery using a kiln and a potter’s
wheel
• First to harvest silk from silkworms to weave fabric
which became a major export of China
Xia
Xia
• Last of the Prehistoric settlements around 2000 B.C.E. (ruled
for about 300 years)
• Settled near the Huang He (Yellow) River in north central
China.
• Know about them from legends and eventually what
archeologists have found
• Had bronze weapons and tools
• Were farmers
• Made pottery
• Rulers communicated with spirits for help and guidance
• Defeated by the Shang, China’s first dynasty
Could eventually become China’s first dynasty when and if
more evidence is found about them
The Shang Dynasty
SHANG DYNASTY
1) 1700-1050 BCE
2) On the Huang He River in the North China Plain
3) The Shang dynasty is important because . . .
CHINA’S FIRST DYNASTY
4) A series of rulers from the same family
5) From the tombs, artifacts, and writing we
have found
ZHOU DYNASTY
1) farmers
lived in the Wei Valley on the
Huang He River
2) In 1050 BCE Wu the Martial and the Zhou
conquered the Shang
3) China’s longest lasting dynasty
4) Tian – impersonal power (heaven) worshiped
by the Zhou that demanded right behavior and
good government
Mandate of Heaven – getting heaven’s (tian)
support if you ruled well
KING
owned all of the land and granted Nobles complete
control of the land given them, protects and defends the
land and people, govern in the interest of the people
NOBLES
PEASANTS
controls the land given to him from the king which
consisted of a walled town and the farms around it, must
give the king a portion of what the peasants produce from
his land, must send the king soldiers in times of war
work the farmland and give the noble some of what
they produce/make, are the soldiers
6) Dialects are different forms of the same language
7) Communication from region to region was difficult
because people could not always understand each
other when they spoke
8) Expanded the use of writing so no matter how
a word was pronounced in the different regions
of China, its written form would be the same and
understood. This allows China’s culture to grow
and spread.
ANCIENT CHINA’S BELIEF SYSTEMS
CONFUCIUS
China’s greatest teacher
Born in Lu, China
Was part of a noble family then became poor and
orphaned
Well educated
Gave simple lessons for living
551 – 479 BCE during the last years of the Zhou
Dynasty
Order and mutual respect among people led to
peace
Treat others the way you would want to be treated –
Golden Rule
REN
Central idea of Confucianism
“relationship between two people”
One person existing in harmony with another
CONFUCIANISM
Husband and wife
Father and son
Older brother and younger brother
Friend and friend
Ruler and subject
Sincerity (honest), loyalty (trusting), mutual
respect (considerate)
Family very important and children should
respect their parents
Rulers should act like good fathers
Government should be based on goodness
Government officials should earn their jobs
MOISM
Mozi
Universal love for all people and respect for all people will bring peace
LEGALISM
All people are bad by nature
Only a strong government with
strict laws and harsh punishments
can keep the evil under control
DAOISM
Laozi
Want a small and simple society
Best leaders work quietly in the background
and do not worry about
getting credit
Want to find Dao – “the way” of the universe
by being in harmony with nature and in
touch with your inner feelings
Qin and the Qin Dynasty
Uniting China
UNITING CHINA
Qin was King of a state in 246 BCE
Had a strong army of foot soldiers, archers, chariots of 600,000 men
Conquers all of the other Chinese states by 221 BCE and declares himself emperor
He uses spies, bribes, and alliances along with melting down rivals weapons into
bells to get and keep control
Ends feudalism and forces 120,000 ex-nobles to move to the capital, Xianyang, so
he could keep an eye on them since they had the real power before him
Starts a bureaucracy of 36 commandries which are ruled by 3 officials
civil governor – laws and farming
military governor – armies
imperial overseer – kept an eye on the other two officials
Each commandery is divided into counties overseen by a judge
to enforce the laws
Standardizing China’s Culture
STANDARDIZING CHINA’S CULTURE
China’s culture differed from region to region before Qin
Qin standardizes China’s culture
writing system consisted of a dictionary of 3,300 characters which
improved communication
number 6 was the basis of all measurement and measuring cup was
standardized
one coin called a banliang was used as currency
Qin was a legalist so he created a system of laws and everyone was treated the
same with both rewards and punishments
Punishments = fines, beheadings, forced labor, whipped, amputations, etc.
Built a network of roads to inspect his empire
Conflicts with Scholars
CONFLICTS WITH SCHOLARS
Qin conflicted with Confucian scholars because his reforms went against
Confucianism's beliefs
Confucianists believed a ruler’s good behavior would make the people
behave and you must honor past traditions
Qin as a legalist believed that people were evil and needed strict laws and
harsh punishments to behave and he rejected the past and devoted himself to
new ideas and methods
Burned almost all of the Confucian books and forbade public teaching of
Confucianism
Executed over 460 Confucian scholars for plotting against him and had them
buried alive or beheaded
His own son was punished for sticking up for the scholars
Building the Wall
BUILDING THE WALL
Qin built many public works projects (roads, water canals, Great Wall) by
forcing hundreds of thousands of his people to build them
Connected and extended what was already started as the Great Wall across
all types of terrains and weather
Did this to prevent invasion and discourage escape
It took at least 300,000 workers (soldiers, peasants, govt. officials, criminals)
Tens of thousands died building The Wall and were buried in it making it “the
longest graveyard in the world”
The Wall is over 1500 miles long, made of stone, brick, and dirt
Average height = 25 ft.
Average thickness = 15-30 ft.
It did not fill it’s purpose but still is considered an awesome achievement
Emperor’s Death and Burial
EMPEROR’S DEATH and BURIAL
Qin was unhappy and scared of death and wanted to live forever
(immortality)
Was told to hide from evil spirits so in his 270 palaces he had secret
passages built in and between them
Died in 210 BCE at age 49, poisoned by drinking potions that were to give
him immortality
His death was kept a secret until his body was returned to the capital
Was laid to rest in a magnificent tomb that was started when he was 13
It covered 8 sq. miles and took 700,000 workers to make, workers were
buried alive with Qin so no stealing would take place
The tomb contains the terra cotta army (clay soldiers), city of bronze,
mercury rivers and seas, jewels, rare objects, tools and traps
THE SILK ROAD
The Silk Road came about because people wanted silk. China was the
only place that had silk. Since silk was scarce it was expensive and in
very high demand. Traders or merchants wanted to make a profit on
their expeditions. In order to make money, merchants had to sell their
goods at high prices to cover the costs of travel, transportation, taxes,
and protection. Along the Silk Road towns became trade centers. In the
town bazaars the West traded gold, grapes, pomegranates, wool rugs,
colored glass, and green and white jade. On the other hand, China
traded back to the West silk, gunpowder,
paper, compasses, and bamboo. The Silk
Road went from Chang’an, China and
went all the way west to the
Mediterranean Sea.
Caravans, groups of merchants and government officials, made their way
along the Silk Road. They used camels to carry goods on the journey
because they could haul large loads and needed little water. These
caravans faced many hardships on their trading journeys. Along the Silk
Road they would encounter many possible setbacks or problems, such as,
weather – sandstorms, cold, rain, etc., terrain – deserts, mountains, etc., and
attacks from bandits. Caravans moved from town to town along the Silk
Road. In each town, caravans would go to the caravanserai where they
could stay, eat, drink, socialize, and leave
their animals while they visited the bazaars.
Along with the large amount of trade that
took place along the Silk Road, there was also a
rich diffusion of culture. Customs, beliefs, ways
of life, and technology from one end of the Silk
Road quickly spread to the other end of the
Road.