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Population
Geography
Chapter 2
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Critical Issues in Population Geography
• More people are alive today than at any other time in human
history
• The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the
second half of the twentieth century than every before.
• Virtually all population growth today occurs in less developed
countries (LDCs)
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Population
• Demographics is the
study of human
population distribution
and migration.
• Key Issues of
Demographics are:
•
•
•
•
Food Supply
Health and life expectancy
Status of women
Migration
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People are NOT distributed evenly across the Earth.
Population is clustered in the mid latitude climates and
relatively sparse in the dry and polar climates or the
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
• Population concentrations
• Two-thirds of the world’s population are in four regions:
•
•
•
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East Asia
South Asia
Europe
Southeast Asia
• Exceptions in South America
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Population Distribution
Figure 2-2
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
• Sparsely populated regions
• The ecumene
• Are that can sustain a population
• People generally avoid:
•
•
•
•
Dry lands
Wet lands
Cold lands
High lands
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Ecumene
Figure 2-4
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• Distribution• ¾ of the world’s population lives on only 5%
of the land.
• Very uneven distribution was intensified in
the 20th cent. as population soared.
• 2/3 of the pop. lives near an ocean or river.
• Carrying capacity• the number of people that can be supported
in an area given the technology of
production.
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Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?
• Population density
• measure of the number of people per square mile/kilometer,
etc.
• Types of density
• Arithmetic density
• number of objects divided by the total land area. It is the
most common statistic given
• Physiological density
• the number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land
• Agricultural density
• Number of farmers per/ arable land
• Shows economic conditions
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World Population Density
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Physiologic Population Density –
number of people per unit area of agriculturally
productive land (takes this map into account).
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Physiologic
Population Density
Luxor, Egypt.
Egypt’s arable
lands are along the
Nile River Valley.
Moving away from the
river a few blocks, the
land becomes sandy
and wind-sculpted.
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Measures of Density
Table 2-1
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World Population Cartogram
Countries named have at least 50 million
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Major Population Concentrations
• East Asia-1/4 of the
world’s population is
here-China with 1.3
billion.
• extends into China
along the Chang and
Huang rivers, but most
live on the east coast.
• Most people are
farmers, not city
dwellers.
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Major Population Concentrations
• South Asia-the 2nd major
population cluster.
• Also extensions that
follow the Ganges and
Indus rivers.
• There are 1.5 billion in
South Asia
• Mostly rural, farming
high
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Major Population
Concentrations
• Europe-the 3rd in population
with 700 million.
• Europe is very urbanized
with 75% to 90% living in
cities.
• Europe’s population
distribution is not closely
tied to terrain
• Europe is not selfsustaining.
• Population density varies
from country to country.
Closely spaced houses in
Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Major Population
Concentrations
• North America- East
Central US and SE
Canada
• Unlike Europe, North
America has large
areas of sparsely
populated regions.
• Megalopolis Boston to
Washington, D.C.
which includes New
York, Philadelphia and
Boston.
Skyscrapers of Manhattan
New York
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United States Population Distribution
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Where Has the World’s Population Increased?
• Natural increase rate
• The percentage by which a population grows in a year
• Crude birth rate (CBR)
• The number of births per 1,000 population
• Crude death rate (CDR)
• The number of deaths per 1,000 population
• Doubling time
• The number of years needed to double a population
• Dependency ratio• the number of people who are too young or too old to work
compared to the number of people old enough to work.
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Crude Birth Rate
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Crude Death Rates
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Natural Increase
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World Population Growth
Figure 2-8
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World Population Growth –
Rate of natural increase (does not take
into account immigration and emigration).
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Where Has the World’s Population Increased?
• Fertility
• Total fertility rate (TFR): average number of
children a woman will have during child-bearing
years (~15-49)
• Mortality
• Infant mortality rate (IMR)
• Annual # of deaths of infants under 1
• Life expectancy (at birth)
• Average number of years a child born at that
time will live
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 to 2.5 children per
woman is considered “replacement level.”
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Figure 2-13
Figure 2-14
• Notice that places with high TFRs tend to have high IMRs and that places with low TFRs
have low IMRs.
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FLife
Expectancy : The average number of years an
individual can be expected to live, given current
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social, economic, and
conditions.
FPopulation
under the age of 15 - usually shown as
a percentage of the total population of a country dependency age is ©0-15
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What do all these stats mean?
• Natural Increase (NR), Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Total Fertility
(TFR), Infant Mortality (IMR), and Life Expectancy (LE) ALL
SHOW YOU THE SAME PATTERN OF POPULATION
• A LDC (poor country) will have HIGH numbers for everything
except LE, which will be low (in the 30’s – 50’s)
• MDCs (rich countries) will have LOW numbers for everything,
except LE, which will be high (72-85)
• Crude Death Rate (CDR) is NOT included in the above; Many
MDCs have high CDRs whereas LDCs have low
• this will be explained when we talk about the Demographic
Transition Model
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STATISTICS PRACTICE
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HUMAN ISSUE: MATERNAL MORTALITY
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• Maternal mortality ratio is
the greatest health
disparity between the
developed and developing
countries.
• The World Health
Organization reports that
600,000 women die each
year from complications of
pregnancy.
• Social, cultural and
economic barriers prevent
women in the developing
countries from receiving
proper health care.
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Demographic
Transition
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Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates?
• Population pyramids
• A bar graph showing a place’s age and sex composition
• Shape of the pyramid is determined mainly by the CBR
• Age distribution
• Dependency ratio
• Sex distribution
• Sex ratio
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Population Pyramids
Figure 2-19
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• In 1798 he published An
Essay on the Principle of
Population
• Malthus 1st to argue that
the world’s population was
expanding more rapidly
than food production.
• He was the first to
recognize exponential
population growth.
• Today those who share his
concerns are NeoMalthusians
Rev. Thomas Malthus
1766-1834
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Thomas Malthus
Population is growing faster than
Earth’s food supply
Population increased geometrically;
food supply increased arithmetically
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Neo-Malthusians
• Transfer of medical technology leads to a
rapid increase in population in poor
countries
• World population is outstripping a wide
variety of resources
• Wars and civil violence will increase
because of scarcity of food and other
resources
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Critics of Malthus’ supporters
• Large populations stimulate economic
growth
• Poverty, hunger, and other social
welfare problems are a result of
unjust social and economic
institutions (marxism)
• NOT too many people
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Malthus Theory and Reality
• Food production increased more rapidly
than predicted
• Population didn’t quadruple
• Population is increasing a slower rate
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Food & Population, 1950-2000
Malthus vs. Actual Trends
Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster
than food production, but food production actually
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Malthus: Theory & Reality
Figure 2-25
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Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?
• As a whole, the world might not be facing a
“Crisis”
• Some regions do face significant issues
• The Natural Increase Rate can decline for two
reasons:
• High CDR
• Low CBR
• Best way to control population is CBR
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Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?
• CBR has decline since 1990 in almost every
country
• Reasons for declining birth rates
• Reliance on economic development
• 1) If women are educated, won’t raise children
• 2) Reduce need for ‘extra help’
• Distribution of contraceptives
• Reducing birth rates with contraception
• Most “effective” and rapid method
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Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?
• Success of contraception varies based on region
and country of either method
• Religion is biggest “obstacle”
• Political pressure can also be both positive and
negative towards “Family Planning”
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Family Planning
Figure 2-30
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Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern?
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION
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Epidemiologic Transition
• World Health Threats
• Epidemiologic Transition shows how a countries deaths from
diseases will change with modernization and economic
development
• IT FOLLOWS THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
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Epidemiologic Transition
• Less economically developed countries (LEDC) have
higher rates of infectious disease since medical care and
standard of care are much lower than in MEDC.
• In a More economically developed country, MEDC,
people die not from infectious disease, but from
“degenerative” diseases.
• Infectious diseases are usually easy to treat, but
people die from Cancer, Cardiovascular, and
cerebrovascular issues
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Epidemiologic Transition –
Stage 1
Key Features
• Occurs at the same time as the Stage 1 of the DTM
• Shift from hunting-gathering to agriculture
• Infectious disease is wide-spread
Why are diseases worse here than in
hunter-gatherer?
• People are sedentary, or in one place, meaning we
come into contact with infected animals/humans
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Epidemiologic Transition –
Stage 2
Key Features
• Generally occurs at the same time as Stage 2 of DTM
• Shift into Industrial Revolution/Industrialization
• Most infectious diseases are under control
• Non-infectious, degenerating disease on the rise
• USUALL, only wealthy nations.. LEDCs still suffer stage 1
Why is there a rise in non-infectious disease?
• Medicine can control infectious
• Wealthy nations can afford treatment
• Life expectancy rises
• This gives people more
issues
seen
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Epidemiologic Transition –
Stage 3
Key Features
• Stage of human-created disease
• Biological war, tobacco, cardiovascular, etc.
• DECREASE in deaths from infectious disease
• Disorders/issues that are a result of aging become
common
• Life expectancy rising, births falling (stage 2/3 of DTM)
Why is there a rise in non-infectious disease?
• Same as Stage 2
• People live longer and© 2011
‘wear-down’
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Epidemiologic Transition –
Stage 4
Key Features
• Delayed degenerative disease
• Major cause of death is cancer and heart-problems
• Life expectancy is high, population growth low
Why is there a rise in non-infectious disease?
• Same as Stage 2&3
• Wealthy countries eat unhealthy food, shift from
“need” to “want” in material culture
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Epidemiologic Transition –
Stage 5
Key Features
• Reemergence of infectious/parasitic disease
• Disease once thought gone, comes back
• New disease emerges
Why is there a rise in infectious disease?
• Medicine looses effectiveness
• Antibiotics are rapidly becoming ineffective among
MEDC countries due to overuse
• Evolution
• Contact with new regions/areas
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The Most Lethal Infectious Disease: AIDS
Figure 2-33
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The End.
Figure 3-1
Up next: Migration
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