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Energy Conservation in home lighting system using solar panel Rajesh M Holmukhe Asst. prof.in Electrical Engineeering College of Engineering Bharati Vdyapeeth University Pune-43 [email protected] Abstract: This paper will eaable user to conserve energy in home lighting system by using solar panel with protectioa. The protection provided is blocking of reverse flow, over charging, deep discharge protection of battery. This paper consists of energy source by means of solar panel Photovoltaic pand converts solar energy directly into dedrical energy. The electrical energy is given to charge controller. Charge controUer regulates the power and provides overcharging protection and reverse current flow blocking protectioa. Regulated power is stored in the lead acid battery. The stored energy is in DC form which is further converted into AC by means of a medium power inverter. Transformer is used to step up the voltage level and load of two CFL lamp of 28 watt is connected. The back up time is around 30 hours. This is basically suited for rural areas where there is too much load shedding. Introduction: The mankind must turn its attention to longer term permanent type of energy sources. The most significant such source is solar energy. Solar energy Mrs.J. V Satre Asst. prof.in Electrical Engineeering Pune Mr.Asish Khant Mtech Electrical Student Department of Electrical Engineering Bharati Vidyapeeth University COE Pune-411043 shows promise of becoming a dependable energy source without new requirement of a highly technical and specialized nature for it's wide spread utilization. Every year the sun emits 2 000 times more energy than the whole world's consumption needs. Assuming eight hours of sunshine on an average on the earth, excluding water bodies, we get approximatel 6OxHY'15KWh of energy per year. Using only 5% of this energy we can get 300xlO"13 Kwh of energy which is 60 times greater than world consumption of energy. In addition, there appears to be no significant polluting effects from its use. Solar energy has the following advantages over conventional energy: The energy from the sun is virtually free after the initial cost has been recovered. Depending on the utilization of energy, paybacks can be very short when compared to the cost of common energy sources used. ~ Solar and other renewable energy systems can be stand-alone; thereby not requiring connection to a power or natural gas grid ~ The sun provides a virtually unlimited supply of solar energy. The use of solar energy displaces conventional energy; which usually results in a proportional decrease in green house gas emissions. The use of solar energy is an untapped market. solar energy for harnessing electricity. There are various economic and convenient features of photovoltaic technology. This whole system contains number of equipments like solar panel, charge controller, battery, inverter and load. The Grid Solar photo voltaic panels produce direct current (DC) electricity. Direct current is one type of electrical current, alternating current (AC) is another. The vast majority of residential and commercial appliances and equipment use AC current. Power plants produce AC current. The majority of DC current usage is for devise that use batteries. An inverter is a key component of a photovoltaic system and is used to turn DC current into AC current. Electricity can then be directed back to the electrical grid. In states like Georgia with net metering laws, the power L-' ~ ~ -> SOLAR PANEL Photovoltaic panel converts solar energy directly into electrical energy. This electrical energy given to the charge controller. In a Photovoltaic panel, cells are soldered together to produce a 36 cell string (or longer). This string is laminated between toughened glass on the top and an electrical back contact. The string consists of four layers: antireflective coating, contact grid, p-n junction. CHARGE CONTROLLER A charge controller, or charge regulator is similar to the voltage regulator. It regulates the voltage and current coming from the solar panels going to the battery. Most "12 volt" panels put out about 16 to 20 volts, so if there is no regulation, the batteries will be damaged from overcharging. Most batteries need around 14 to 14.5 volts to get fully charged, from the charge controller given to the battery. company must purchase electricity from the PV array owner. BATTERY BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION The smallest element of the battery is a cell. Many cells are connected in series to give required voltage rating of the battery which usually varies with the inverter rating lies between 12V DC ..... They must supply constant output power because the inverter delivers a constant AND BRIEF There is a great scope for research and development to make optimum use of output voltage to the load. As the battery voltage decrease (due to battery discharge), the battery current increases to maintain constant output voltage and hence constant output power. The output voltage and current fed to the inverter ..... RTER . This medium power in erter is capable of generating approximately 300 power. You can power the inverter from your battery to generate 50Hz ac supply. The inverter provides enough backup power to light up to three lOOW bulbs for up to 2 hrs provided the battery is full charged. . The battery can be charge through battery charger circuit whenever it discharges. Inverter gives output of 230v, 50Hz AC supply. This output given to the load. LIGHTING LOAD We are using two CFL (compact fluorescent lamp) as lighting load. The wattage capacity of the CFL is 14 Watt. The total wattage capacity of two CFL is 28 Watt. This CFL's are connected in parallel. PRESENT STATUS Both the historical and the present day civilization of mankind are closely interwoven with energy, and there is no reason to doubt that in the future our existence will be more and more dependent on energy. Thus it is obvious that the energy requirements of the world are increasing at an alarming rate and energy demand has been running ahead of supply. One of the most promising ways to cope with energy deficit is the use of solar energy. India's power sector has a total installed capacity of approximately 102,000 MW of which 60% is coal based, 25% hydro, and the balance gas and nuclear based. MOSTLY ROOFTOPS Residences use most of the pholovoltaicgener3ted 4!lcctricilJ c~j =!lrcc:d,56 ~ 5$°"R~cior.ces i<J\ou ec~.r ral U"ts _••l-t 1 " ~drunl' 11·"C-ol'llmurjeati':)fis. 4: US re5it~'511 MOl wortd PV production = 71.4MW Power shortages are estimated at about 11% of total energy and 15% of peak capacity requirements and are likely to increase in the coming years. In the next 10 years, on average another 10,000 MW of capacity is required per year. Since most parts of India receive plenty sunlight through out the year, Photovoltaic power plants can be very helpful. These power plants are being established all around the globe. Although it took nearly 30 years until 1999 for the world to produce its first gigawatt of PV -supplied electricity, total PV production tripled in the following four years. World production of photovoltaic (PV) modules took another leap forward, up 37% from 2003 and continuing the sharp growth of recent years. The world has installed more than 3,000 MW of photovoltaic generated electricity. Prices for photovoltaic are falling as markets expand. Between 1975 and 1998, sales volume for PV modules grew by an average of 21 % per year, while real prices fell by 95%. The annual increase in growth was highest in Japan (45%) and Europe (43%), where government programs have helped residents buy rooftop PV units. In Japan, the cost of PV generated electricity has declined so much that it is nearly matching that of electricity from traditional nonrenewable sources. 2003 world PV production = 744 MW Pie chart above shows the world Photovoltaic electricity production and consumption in 2003. OSTlY ROOFTO 5 Residence5 use most ofthe photoyoltaicgenerated electricity SCOPE After decades of promise, solar energy science and production is on an upswing, currently the photovoltaic electricity production in the world more that 900 MW. India has a total land area of 3.28 x 101\11 sq. meters. On an average 5kW/ml\2 per day solar energy is falling on this land for over 300 days per annum; in certain areas the bright sunny days may even be more. Even if 1% of this land is used to harness solar energy for electricity generation at an overall efficiency of 10%, 492 x 101\9 kWh/year electricity can be generated. PV is clean - no air pollution, no green house gas emission and no coal or radioactive wastes to truck across the country and bury forever. There are fewer grid failure fears because PV electricity is usually generated where used. Its generation is silent and mostly unseen, and systems can be installed in highly populated areas . Photo voltaic technology is the most promising source to solve the world's energy deficit problem in future. By 2050, PV has the potential to provide a top limit of around 10 to 15% of the world's electricity use . Photovoltaic technology involves transformation of solar energy directly into electrical energy. There are two ways of using this energy. 1. Connecting it directl to the load. 2. Connecting it to the grid. Former of the two method is popular these da electrical energy produced is directl connected to load as this method is quite portable free from cost of transmission and quite economical in the long run. Although the second method is in an embryonic stage it promises to be a big bonus in future when PV technology becomes economical. Considering the rate at which cost of PV panels is reducing, it seems feasible in not too distant future. Another popular way of using electrical energy obtained from PV is to charge a battery and connecting load to the battery. Once the photovoltaic conversion has taken place and electrical energy is available to us, the applications are same as those of electricity obtained by conventional means. In this section we will be demonstrating few basic applications of photovoltaic panels. Applications Most commonly used method of using electrical energy obtained after photovoltaic conversion is directly connecting the load to panel. We connected different loads to the solar panel at different instances and observed the effect. Intensity of the sun rays vary through out the day and so does output of the panel. i.e. more output is obtained during afternoon and less in the morning and evening. PV can be used for major electrical application of lighting cooling and water lifting. It also finds its application in electronic applications where a continuous low voltage supply is required. We will be attaching a small load of each type to demonstrate the applications of photo voltaic cells. available and can be used at the time of need in absence of sunlight. PhotovoItaic panel thus directly feeds D.C. loads and charges the battery simultaneously when solar energy is available. Battery can be used directly to drive D.C. loads whereas A.C. Loads can be fetched by attaching an inverter between battery and the load. If photovoltaic panels are fixed on top of the buses, trains, cars etc.lamps can be lightened after photovoltaic conversion. domestic, commercial purpose. PV street lighting can be very useful in areas lighten where no public grid is available. Lamps in balcony, parking etc. by using a battery. Domestic application during power cuts. Application of inverter: L 2. 3. 4. 5. Variable :frequenc AC de ice Induction heating Uninterrupted power suppl High oltage DC transmission Stand by air craft power supply Testing: The diagram above concisely shows how solar energy can be used to fetch D.C. as well as A.C. loads. Photovoltaic panel absorbs solar energy and an electromotive force is produced by photovoltaic action. This is fed to a charge controller which directly feeds D.C. loads. Greatest drawback of solar energy lies in the fact that in full gloom, it is available only for few hours a day. This drawback can be overcome to a great extent by attaching a battery which can be charged when sunlight is Internal resistance test: Photovoltaic panel always has some internal resistance. This resistance, together with load resistance results in drop of the voltage when load is applied across the panel. To have faithful study of the performance of the panel, it is necessary to know its internal resistance so that same may be taken into account while studying various characteristics. oils) (Volts) 9.56 11JC6 (Ohm) 13.6 "~.~~==~~~-.v..p.-' --- Ri=(Vo- VL)fIL =(17.85 - 9.56) I 0.61 =J3..6.Gbm 1Q> •• ::. a " ~ 5 4 2 II) Intemal resistance of the panel comes out to be 13.6 ohm. There is a drop of 829 volts due to this internal resistance. Though internal resistance is bound to exist, it should be kept as low as possible in order to obtain optimum performance of the solar panel. DISCHARG G TEST L TwoCFL=14W=28 2. Without loading (Battery) = 1220V 1 1 Battery Vo~ 12.14 2 12.10 Discharging Time(brs) 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 - 12.07 12.M 11.98 11.94 11.91 11.87 11.83 11.79 N COMPO!NF.NTS I'RICI: 0 . I 11A,,12Vd..c. SoIor 7200 I 5000 UI..,(IIIS) 2 :!:::, 1 ••••••••• (I:h. 7SAH. - Kid LICJ1mS 2.IC2UH55 3_lCl'Mll 4. ICA I.1I.GSI I 4 12 6 5 20 0.5G 5.T'-BOIl9 6..MOSFET 1RFZ44 7_ Dia6e INMI I 1.5G 0.5G I 2.SO Us-iodo Remark 5 10 30 16 12 10 6 I 10 14_Piom_ IS..C-- 16._""" 17. now..- SatisfactoJy 11l1laaaw.n ~ 19__ 2Il1ll1.n 21_ fila- Without flickering __ (5OcIIII "'25 ••• "Wl3 coo) 22._.1:_ 2 23. plywood (5OcIIII • 2S ~- 3 1l3~ 2" __ 4 2S.I'CB CHARACTERISTIC DISCHARGING TEST: • 9 C • IlIB) 9. z-r cIiock 10.. IIaii5IoIII. V•••••• 1IaioIor 12.~_ " 6 7 8 9 7 s W condition 5 • Costing: Costiae: table: output I 5 r..e •.•.• Observation Table: Sr. No. 234 I 60 CIO • NOS I I I I I I 2 6 4 3 2 16 I 6 I I I 2 2 :z. :z. I. I 6 I "lUTAL PIUCE 72110 320 5000 I 4 12 6 10 120 2 3 3 II I IS S 10 30 n 24 160 12 I 10 41 60 ~ IOSO I as I I 550 IOSO 35 ~ 14D»'-- T••••C- Mathematical Analysis: OF Mathematical panel: Analysis for solar In all engineering projects cost consideration is of prime importance. Solar power is one of the most promising ways of meeting energy demand especially in a tropical country like India where sunlight is available in plenty during most part of the year but cost factor has to be considered before incorporating it for some application. Cost of solar module = Rs 5920 A verage life = 25 years Salvage value = 25% A(1 + .08)25 - .25 A = Rs 8651 = Rs. 1500 A=Rs Considering an interest of 8% the real cost of panel = Rs. 5920 (I + .08l5 = Rs. 40,542 Substracting salvage value, we get total cost = 40542-1500 = Rs 35,542 Maximum output = 37 Therefore, cost of panel for no loss = Rs1311 Mathematical Analysis for back up power(Battery: Watts A verage duration of operation = 8 hours per day Use factor = 0.6 Therefore, total output obtained from solar panel in its entire life. = 37 x 8 xO.6 x 365 x 25 x 10-3 KWh = 1620 KWh Current cost of utility supplied electricity = Rs. 3 per KWh Rate of increment annum in electricity price = 5% per For battery back -up time: Battery capacity= 75Ah Battery voltage = 12V d.c. Load =28W Volt -ampere hours = battery voltage * battery capacity =12*75 = 900Vah Total battery back -up time Vah* discharging constant Total load KWh per year = 1620/25 = 64.8 KWh Therefore, years = 900*0.8 cost of 1620 KWh energy over 25 28 = 64.8 x 3 + 64.8 x 3 x 1.05 + 64. 8 x 3 X 1.052 + 24 .... 64.8 x 3 x 1.05 = 64.8 1311 X = 30 hrs . 3 (1.0524_1) / (1.05 -1) = Rs 8651 Let the cost be A Rs. Results and discussion: During the operation it is seen that: . Photovoltaic panel thus directly feeds D.C. loads and charges the battery simultaneously when solar energy is available. Battery can be used directly to drive D.C. loads whereas A.C. loads can be fetched by attaching an inverter between Battery and the load. For no loss, at an interest of 8% for 25 years, During the internal resistance test it is observed that: Therefore, total loss = Rs. 35,542 8651 = Rs 26891 Cost of panel for no loss. Photovoltaic panel always has some internal resistance. This resistance, together with load resistance results in drop of the voltage when load is applied across the panel. To have faithful study of the performance of the panel, it is necessary to know its internal Resistance. So that same may be taken into account while studying various characteristics. Internal resistance of the panel comes out to be 13.6 ohm . There is a drop of 8.29 volts due to this internal resistance. Though internal resistance is bound to exist, it should be kept as low as possible in order to obtain optimum performance of the solar panel During the discharge test it is observed that: For nine continuous hours the set up gave satisfactory operation without flickering, so we can conclude that project in this paper is successful. Conclusion: Photovoltaic technology is the most promising source to solve the world's energy deficit problem in future. By 2050 PV has the potential to provide a top limit of around 10 to 15% of the world's electricity use This way we would not rely on conventional methods and since the life of solar panel is more than 20 years, it would be economical in long run. Reference: 1. G.D.Rai,Utilization Energy by of solar 2. M.V.Deshpande,Elements of Electrical power Station Design 3. Electronics for you magazine. 4. Dr.P .S.Bhimbhra, electronics 5. R.P .Ajwalia, electronics Industrial 6. www. Ecoworld.com 1. 8. 9. o ..lJ;..1 power .com