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Religion 25
The History of The Roman
Catholic Church
Search for meaning
Henry David Thoreau
Walden pond
Nature of God
 Why study history?
 It helps:
 1. understand who we are, identity and purpose
 2. explain our behaviours, our values, principles,
morality
 3. explain why things are the way they are;
customs, traditions, organizations
 4.make better choices; prevent making the same
mistakes
The church
 This is an aerial picture
of the Vatican, also
called Vatican City. It
is the only city in the
world that is its’ own
country
Vatican city
 Vatican city from
above
Church as Body of Christ
 As a community of people
who all work together
doing different tasks for
one purpose; to love each
other.
 By doing this we become
Jesus, just like all the parts
of our body work together
to become a living body.
 We can be the eyes,
mouth, ears, and hands of
Christ by how we act
towards each other.
Church as Institution
 The Catholic church
has an organization:
Pope, cardinals,
bishops, priests,
deacons, nuns,
brothers, laypeople.
 It also includes the
physical building that
we call a ‘church’.
Church as Sacrament
 Sacrament: a visible,
tangible sign of God’s love.
 The church is an extension
of Jesus
 Since Jesus was God’s gift
to us, a sign of Gods love
for us, the church then
becomes a sacrament, a
physical sign of God’s
saving love.
Church as Herald
 It is the herald of Jesus
Christ.
 The official messenger
to proclaim the word of
God to people
everywhere.
 We can not keep this
gift to ourselves we
must share God’s love
with everyone
Church as Servant
 The church is called to
be a servant to the
world.
 It serves the world
through its intuitional
structures as well as
through the good
works of individual
Christians who provide
service and sacrifice to
others.
Church as Community
 It is the community of
disciples of Jesus, a
people whose lifestyle
reflects the love of
God; the teachings of
Jesus.
 This often goes in
contrast to modern
society; it is
challenging and not
necessarily popular.
Churches
Pope John Paul II
Pope Benedict VI
Early human populations
Paleolithic peoples
Human population
Ancient Civilizations
Asia Minor and Persia
Mesopotamia
Euphrates River
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Sumerian Army
Babylonians
Moses and deliverance from Egypt
Israel and Judea 926 BC
Persian rule
Kingdom-Jews
Samson slays philistines
David and Goliath
King Herod, of Palestine, at the time
of Jesus
Jewish Culture and traditions
Torah
Sanhedrin
synagogue
 Typical synagogue of
the first century A.D.
 Only men were
allowed inside
Synagogue floor plan
mikvah
yarmulke
menorah
Star of David
pharisees
Passover feast
Festival of the harvest or
feast of first fruits
Who is Jesus
Birth
Jesus in the temple
baptism
Temptation in Desert
Teaching/ healing
Death
parables
The last supper
Pentecost
 The official beginning
of the Christian church
 The disciples all leave
the house they are
held up in and begin to
“herald” the ‘good
news’.
apostles
 Were the 12 disciples,
or followers of Jesus
St. Peter
Eucharist
 Comes from Greek
word for thanksgiving
 Early Christians would
meet and celebrate the
memory of Jesus and
share a meal together
as the apostles did at
the last supper
Peter
St Stephen
St. Paul/Saul
Paul's Missionary Travels
Location of Places Paul traveled to
Council of Jerusalem
 Held in 50 A.D.
 Allowed not jews
(Gentiles) to be part of
the Christian group
 Did not have to be
circumcised, or follow
rules for food
preparation
Paul's themes
 Only one God
 God loves us
 God sent Jesus to give a human form to Gods
love on earth
 Jesus lived, preached, died and rose to show us
what life in God is all about
 Belief in Jesus/God, not adherence to the law, is
what saves us
 Jesus gives us the Holy Spirit to inspire us and the
church to be his body now and in the future
Emperor Nero
 Ruled the roman
empire from 54-68 AD
 Born 37 AD, became
emperor at 17
 Committed suicide
68AD
 Started the
persecution of
Christians
 Was an inept ruler
Nero coins
Burning of Rome
 Occurred in 64 AD
 Arsonists were rumored to
be following orders
 Nero may have wanted to
rebuilt parts of the city
 Blamed the fires on
Christians
 It became illegal to be a
Christian
 This begins the systematic
persecution of christians
Christian Persecutions
 Began by Nero
 Soon turned into
entertainment
 Were used as a
payback for the
burning of Rome
Coliseum
Early Christian celebration
Emperor Diocletian
Emperor Constantine
Bible council locations
Gnostic gospels
Nag Hammadi
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Nag Hammadi is best known for being the site
where, in December 1945 thirteen leatherbound papyrus codices, along with pages torn
from another book, buried in a sealed jar were
found by local peasants. The peasants burned
one of the books and parts of a second
(including its cover). Thus twelve of these
books (one missing its cover) and the loose
pages survive[1]. The writings in these
codices, dating back to the 2nd century AD,[2]
comprised 52 mostly Gnostic tractates
(treatises), believed to be a library hidden by
monks from the nearby monastery of St
Pachomius when the possession of such
banned writings, denounced as heresy, was
made an offence.
The contents of the Coptic-bound codices
were written in Coptic, though the works were
probably all translations from Greek. Most
famous of these works must be the Gospel of
Thomas, of which the Nag Hammadi codices
contain the only complete copy.
All the texts have been public since 1975
First Heresies
 Gnosticism: all material things, including the body
are bad, therefore Jesus could not have been
human, he was only God. This was resolved
with the Apostles creed which emphasized Jesus’
humanity.
 Arianism: only God can be God, Jesus was
human, humans cannot be God, therefore Jesus
was not God, he was only human. This was
resolved with the Nicene Creed which states that
Jesus is both, equally, human and divine.
Apostles creed
 Was formed by the late 200’s (around 180
A.D.)
 Helped to reaffirm the humanity of Jesus,
that he was an actual person that lived and
died.
Apostles creed
Nicene Creed
 Constantine called a council of bishops in
325.
 Bishops gathered in the town of Nicaea
 They rewrote the apostles creed to
incorporate statements that emphasize that
Jesus was both human and divine, that he
was the son of God
Nicene Creed
Creeds summary
creed
origin
Response to
Reaffirmed
Apostles
180
Gnosticism
Jesus humanity
Nicene
325
Arianism
Jesus divinity
Ambrose: Bishop of Milan
 Challenged Roman
Emperors
 Demonstrated the
political influence
Bishops had
developed
 He forced Emperor
Theodosius into public
repentance
Augustine: Bishop of Hippo
Augustine's influence
 He argued against Donastism and
Pelagianism
 Donatism- the validity of a sacrament
depended on the worthiness of the Priest or
Bishop
 His response was the validity of a
sacrament comes from God (Grace) who
works through weak and imperfect humans
Augustine's influence
 Pelagianism- People can get to heaven without
God, without the Grace of God. If you work hard
enough you can get to heaven by your own effort
 Augustines response- because we are human we
are not perfect and have faults and failures (we
will sin). Without Gods Grace we cannot overcome
our weaknesses (sin); we cannot do it by
ourselves alone.
Barbarian Invasions
Fall of the Roman Empire
Barbarian Europe 481 A.D.
The Pope
 Came from the Greek
word pappas meaning
father
 Leo I, since he was
bishop of Rome called
himself “pontifex
maximus”
Pope Leo I meets Atilla the Hun
Council of Chalcedon
Barbarian Europe 481 A.D.
Clovis: King of Franks
 Was a barbarian
leader that eventually
took over all tribes in
the western empire
 He married a Catholic
princess who
converted him to
Christianity
 He then converted his
army and all his
subjects
Justinian
 No emperor in western
land, West had a Frank
King and the Pope
 He was the Roman
emperor in the Eastern
lands
 He Reigned from
Constantinople
 Revised all civil laws to
reflect Christian values
 Citizens in both east and
west adopted these laws
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (today)
inside the Hagia Sophia
Monasteries of 600A.D.
Monasteries
Monasteries
Pope Gregory I (The Great)
 Pope from 590-604
 Was governor of Rome, he
resigned and became
monk, later elected pope
by the people of Rome.
 Developed the Gregorian
calendar
 Developed music for the
mass (Gregorian chants)
Mohammad
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570-632
Called God “Allah”
Followers are Muslims
His writtings are in a
book called the Koran
 His teaching lead to
the Muslim invasions
of the remains of the
Roman empire
Muslim invasions
 Started in the mid
600’s (7th century)
 Took northern Africa,
Spain, and persia
 They brought and
introduced different
ideas as they
conquered new lands
Islamic Beliefs
 Prophets: Abraham, Moses, Jesus,
Mohammed
 Holy Book: Koran, is the word of God given
to Mohammed. IS unlinke the Bible in that
it is written in first person while the bible is
third person
 Has 5 major pillars
Islam: 5 pillars of the faith
 Daily prayer: 5 times a day, face Mecca
 Creed: only 1 God, Allah
 Fasting: 1 month/year (nov. Ramadan)
from sunrise to sunset only
 Tithing: must share with others
 Pilgrimage: once in their life they must go to
Mecca
Islamic sacred places
 Mosque: place of worship, where they go to
pray, hold weddings and funerals
 Mecca: a holy city that holds the sacred
black stone that was a gift to Abraham from
the angel Gabriel. The stone represent the
one God.
 Jerusalem: Where Mohammed had his visit
from the angel Gabriel
Charles Martel
 Was the Frankish King
who stopped the
Muslim invasions near
Paris.
 Drove them out of
Spain back to Africa
Pepin
 The son of Charles
Martel
 Protected Rome and
the Frankish empire
from Germanic
invasions
 Gave the Pope some
land in central Italy,
called the “Papal
States”
Papal States
 Land given the the
Pope
 Symbolized the
accumulation of
wealth, property and
power by the leaders
of the Church
Charlemagne
 Son of Pepin, Grandson of
Charles Martel
 Solidified the Frankish
Empire (most of the old
western Roman empire).
Was a strong leader
challenging the emperor in
Constantinople.
 Started to direct church
activities, promoted the
use of Latin for the mass
Europe during Charlemagne
Pope Leo III
 Leo III crowns
Charlemagne
“Emperor of the
Romans” Upsetting the
Byzantine Emperor in
Constantinople.
 Charlemagne begins
to influence the Popes
running of church
affairs.
Vikings
 Also called Norsemen
 Came by boat to the
western regions, coastal
areas of, of the Frankish
empire
 Came from (modern day)
Norway, Sweden,
Denmark
 Came to loot, steal and
then return home
 Some remained and
adopted Chritianity
Feudalism
 period from the 5th
century, when central
political authority in the
Western empire
disappeared, to the
12th century, when
kingdoms began to
emerge as effective
centralized units of
government
Feudalism
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
Serfs
Vassals
Lords
Kings
Italy/Rome 1000 A.D.
Pope John XII
 Tried to end Kings of
areas influence on
appointments of
Bishops and influence
in church affairs
 Crowned Otto Emperor
of the “Holy Roman
Empire”
King Otto I
 The king of the eastern
frankish empire
 Replace the Pope with his
own Bishop.
 This practice continued for
another 100 years
 Church was filled with
corruption due to
connections with Kings
 The church (hierarchy) had
lost touch with the
common people
Cluny
 A Benedictine
monastery in Central
France
 Had independent
control and answered
to no kings, only to the
Pope.
 This spread to all
monasteries in the
empire
Main monastery at Cluny
Cluny
 It is located in a
mountainous (hilly)
region of France
 It is isolated from other
communites
Romanesque Cathedrals
 Massive Pillars
 Rounded arches
 Stone roofs
Cathedrals
St. Peters Dome
Gothic Cathedrals
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Tall slim towers
Pointed arches
Stained glass windows
Metal roof
Notre dame cathedral
Inside Notre dame
Pope Gregory VII
 Became pope in 1073
 Excommunicated
German Emperor
Henry IV for his
support of lay
investiture
 Ruled against lay
investiture
Pope Urban II
 Called the Council of
Clermont in 1095
 Called for the first crusade
to turn away Muslim and
Turk attacks on
Constantinople and to take
back Jerusalem and the
holy lands from the
Muslims
Council of Clermont 1095
Crusades 1096-1300
First Crusade
Siege of Antioch: First Crusade
Second crusade
Third and fourth crusades
Crusades
Split in the Church
 Western church
 Leader was Pope in
Rome
 Followed the Nicene
creed (Jesus was
human and divine)
 Used Latin
 All over western and
northern europe
 Used icons for worship
 Eastern church
 Leader was Bishop
(patriarch of
constantinople)
 Used Greek
 Covered eastern
europe
 Did not use icons for
worship
Gregory IX
 Started the papal
inquisition (1232)
 In response to heresy
 Albigensianism
 Lasted about 60 years
Inquisition
 Were started at local
levels to weed out
heresies. Heresies
were perceived threats
to civilization (to order
in society)
 Heresies may have
been used as
scapegoats
Papal Inquisition
 Was run by the office of the pope for a
specific heresy (albigensianism)
 Use a trial format which was better than the
civil format
Pope Innocent III
 Tried to eliminate
corrupt practices in the
church
 Centralized power in
the Pope
St. Dominic
 Started a new order
of monks
 The
teachers/scholars
 Dominicans
St. Francis of Asissi 1181-1226
 Started a new order
of monks
 The Fransicans
 Simple living and
service to the poor
Thomas Aquinas 1224-1274
 A Dominican monk
 Just war theory
 Proofs of God, in the
book Summa
Theologia
Bubonic Plague/black death
 Started in 1347
 Caused by a bacteria
 Killed 1/3 of Europe
Bubonic plague 1347
 Loss of many priests
 Inadequate training of
priests
 Church suceptilbe to
corruption again
 Reduces confidence of
people in the church
and their faith
Hundred years war 1338-1453
 Battle between
England and France
 Left many people
feeling helpless
 Many people turned
away from their faith
Clement V
 Moved papacy to
Avignon in France in
1309
 There they lived a
lavish, corrupt lifestyle
Avignon Papacy
 This is the palace built for
the Pope in Avignon
France
 The Pope lived here for 70
years
 People lost confidence and
respect for the papacy;
hard times for the people
while the pope lived in
oppulence
Catherine of Siena
 Convinced pope
Gregory XI to move
papacy back to Rome
 This would bring
peace between
England and France
Pope Gregory XI
 Moved papacy back to Rome from
Avignon in 1377 (in the middle of the
hundred years war)
Papal Schism (split)
 After Gregory XI death and Italian pope was elected who
upset he French bishops who met in secret to elect another
pope. Two popes existed at the same time.
 This further eroded the confidence and trust the common
people had in the papacy and the church
Martin V
 Was elected in 1417 to
end the Papal Schism
Spanish Inquisition (mid 1400)
 Run by the Spanish
king and queen
 Persecuted Jews and
Muslims who had
converted to
Christianity but were
suspected of heresy
 The pope could do
nothing the control the
king and queen
Renaissance
 Means rebirth
 Begins in mid to late 1400’s
 Began with study of ancient Greek and
Roman art and literature
 Popes started the vatican library, rebuilt St.
Peters Basilica, painting the interiors with
massive paintings (ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel)
Michelangelo
 Painter during the
renaissance
 Painted the Sistine
chapel
Sistine Chapel
Boticelli
Printing Press
 Made by Johannes Gutenberg
 Allowed the spread of books and literature to common
people
 This allowed the spread of ideas, new ideas
 Allowed the spread of the Bible
Humanism
 Emphasis on the importance of “this world” not on
what happens after we die
 Started off as making human life more fulfilling
 Developed the classical arts and literature
 Sciences advanced as well as scientific
innovations (other explanations for the world
around us besides the creation story)
 Development of lenses (microscope, telescope,
reading glasses)
Alexander VI (late 1400’s)
 Was the most
notorious of the
Renaissance Popes
 He had six children
before he became
Pope
 Gave his children high
positions in the church.
Indulgences
 Originally were
granted to knights and
soldiers of the
crusades.
 They were granted
forgiveness for their
sins and any
punishment expected
for them in the afterlife
was taken away
Indulgences
 These soon developed into building a
chapel or create a stained glass window for
a church instead of doing some penance for
sins
 True penance eventually gave way to
buying and selling indulgences to save
yourself from punishment in the afterlife.
John Wycliff 1375
 Attacks clerical wealth
 Challenges Papal
Authority
 The Bible is the sole
source of belief for the
church
 Denied the doctrine of
transubstantiation
John Hus
 Demanded church
reforms during the
church council that end
the Papal Schism
 Was a follower of John
Wycliff
 Did not recant his
beliefs at the council
and was burned at the
stake in 1415
Savonarola
 A Dominican Friar
(monk) who called for
and end to the
corruption of the pope
(Alexander VI).
 He was burned at the
stake in 1497
Fall of Constantinople
 Occurred in 1453
 By 1400 the Muslim
Turks had most of the
old Byzantine empire
 Constantinople was
looted and ransacked
for three days
 Many Byzantine
scholars escape to
Moscow
Ivan the Great
 Leader of the Russian people (Christian) in
Moscow
 Due to the loss of Constantinople he
considers Moscow the “third Rome”
Christopher Columbus
 Discovers North America in 1492 for
England
 Other explores follow
John Tetzel
 A Dominican monk
who was very good
and selling
indulgences
 Aggravated Martin
Luther
Martin Luther
 An Augustinian monk
 He saw problems with
indulgences
 Did not believe in the
authority of the pope
with respect to
teaching and theology
 Did not agree with
transubstantiation
Augsberg Confession
 Document written by Luther's’ followers
 Summarized all the main beliefs of the
Lutheran (protestant) movement
Peace of Augsberg
 Treaty to bring about peace between
fighting Christians (protestant movement
and Roman Catholics)
John Calvin
 Started another
breakaway group from
the Roman Catholic
Church
 The Calvinist
movement
Clement VII
 Would not annul King
Henry VIII marriage
King Henry VIII
 Wanted a son to take over
the throne
 Wanted the church to
annul his marriage to
Catherine of Aragon
 Pope would not do it
 He made the King of
England the head of the
Church of England
(Anglican Church) by the
Act of Supremacy in 1534
Paul III
 Called the Council of
Trent
 Tried to unify the
protestants and
Catholics
Council of Trent
 1545-1563
 Bishops met to outline the fundamental teachings
and beliefs of the church
 Tried to unify the church and bring Catholics and
protestants (Lutherans and Calvinists)
Outcome of council of Trent
 1. reaffirmed 7 sacraments and
transubstantiation
 2. tradition is equal to scripture
 3. reformed monastic orders, clergy must
live in their dioceses, each dioceses must
have a school to train priests (seminary)
Ignatius of Loyola
 Founder of the Jesuit
order
 Spread Christianity
through Europe after
the reformation
 Emphasis on
education
 Became teachers at
many universities
Juan Diego
Bartolome de Las Casa
Francis Xavier
Matteo Ricci
David Livingstone
Buddism
 Mostly based on the teachings of a teacher who
lived between the 4th and 6th century BC.
 Siddhartah Gautama, more commonly known as
the Budda, which means “the awakened one”
 There are two major branches each with their own
traditions and practices.
 Between 350-500 miliion people worldwide
practice Buddism
Buddism
 The foundations of Buddhist tradition and
practice are the Three Jewels
 1. The Buddha
 2. The Dharma (the teachings)
 3. The Sangha (the community)
 Other practices include ethical precepts,
monastic community, meditation, devotional
practices, higher wisdom and discernment,
study of scriptures.
Buddhism
 Places of worship are called temples,
monasteries, stupas, or pagodas
 There is no one specific “Bible” but
collections of teachings and discourses or
“Sutras” from Buddha's since the first have
been compiled. The different forms of
Buddhism have variations on these.
Buddism Concepts
 Karma- the force that drives the cycle of suffering
and rebirth for each being
 Rebirth-when we die we are reborn as any other
form of life or being (one of 5 or 6 different
realms). There is no permanent self or soul
 Nirvana- perfect enlightenment; means “cessation”
the end of craving and ignorance and therefore
suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths.
 Brahmas-Gods, angels, deities, spirits
Buddism
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The four nobel Truths
1. Life ultimately leads to suffering
2. suffering is caused by craving
3. Suffering ends when craving ends, when
you reach the liberated state of
enlightenment
 4. reaching this liberated state is achieved
by following the path laid out by the Budda
Buddism
 Current Budda is the Dalai Lama from Tibet
 Devotion is an important practice, these include:
bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting.
 Yoga: is meditation that involves complete
liberation of any thoughts and/or transforming the
mind and using it to explore itself and other
phenomena
 Some may practice monasticism (monks and
nuns)

The Dalai Lama
Buddhist temple
Buddhist monk and nun
hinduism
hinduism
Thirty Years War
Gunpowder Plot
Age of Reason/Enlightenment
 Rationalism, empiricism and the growth of
science
 Leads to a secular movement where
religious meaning (God and morality) is
excluded from day to day life and the
organization of society
 This increases the separation of church and
state
Religious nationalism
 When independent nations rule their
church's and not obey the pope and appoint
their own bishops (lay investiture again)
French revolution
 Monarchies and noblemen are living in
extreme wealth
 Peasants live in poverty and destitution
 Clergy are supportive of the monarchy
 Many priests, brothers, and sisters provide
service to the poor
 Religion was seen as having a hand in the
oppression of the poor
French revolution
 The people revolted in 1789, overthrowing
the monarchy, beheading the king, killing
thousands of priests, and many thousands
of citizens
 The leaders killed themselves off with
Napoleon Bonaparte emerging to lead
France.
Napoleon
 Emerges as the leader of France and ends
the French revolution in 1795. Replaces the
monarchy with a military rule.
 Invites Pope Pius VII to crown him Emperor,
but he does crowns himself which insults the
pope
 He takes the papal states for France and
imprisons the pope in Rome
Napoleon
Pope Pius VII
 Refused to yield to
Napoleon for six years
until Napoleon was
defeated
 This brought respect
for the church and the
papacy
American Revolution
 New colonies in North American (except for
1 english and 1 french, which will later form
Canada) Unite and separate from England.
 Form a new country that has a Bill of Rights
that allows for free expression of religion
 That the state can not suppress religion, nor
religion interfere with the state.
Industrial Revolution
 New improvements in technology (steam engine)
brought an increase in the size of factories
 Bigger factories require more workers
 The rise of capitalism meant owners could justify
large profits
 This lead to poor working conditions and low
wages
 Money becomes important to people; takes the
place of religion; capitalism becomes the new
religion
Pope Pius IX
 Was pope from1846-1878
 This time period signifies the end of worldly
(influencing the state) power of the church of
Rome
 He helps to solidify the papacy’s spiritual
and moral authority
 He called Vatican council I 1869-1870 to
deal with the question of papal infallibility
Pope Pius IX
Vatican Council I
Papal Infallibility
 Papal infallibility means that when the pope
speaks/writes ‘ex cathedra’ he is incapable
of error.
 When he officially proclaims a doctrine of
faith or morals
 Popes have rarely ever used this (only been
done twice)
 Helped establish authority of pope again.
John Henry Newman
 Was an Anglican priest who converted to
Catholicism
 He argued that free intellectual inquiry and a
liberal arts education are not only compatible with
catholic faith but are encouraged by it.
 Reason and faith were not at odds.
 Intellectual inquiry and learning were a deep part
of the history of the church (monasteries and
medicvial universities)
John Henry Newman
Pope Leo XIII
 1878-1903
 Criticized both extreme socialism and extreme
capitalism
 Emphasized that Christianity offered both the
dignity of the human person and the common
good of society
 In response to questions about the bible he
commissioned theologians to apply new methods
of archeology and linguistics to interpret the bible
for “modern” times.
Pope Leo XIII
Social Justice
 Was the catholic church's response to the ills of
the industrial revolution; the exploitation of people
for profit
 Was championed by Pope Leo XIII who wrote and
famous letter/book called “On the condition of
Workers” in 1891.
 He called for just wages, decent working
conditions, trade unions, and collective bargaining
with management.
 He also argued that owners had the right to make
a profit.
 That workers did not have to resort to
extreme socialism/Marxism for justice
Missionaries in North America
 Viewed natives as barbarians, but still
human
 Brought Christianity to the new people
 Slave trade by explores often destroyed
much of the missionary work
 Natives (most) saw Christianity as a threat
to their traditions and way of life
Jean de Brebeuf
 A Jesuit missionary
 Was more respective
of native way of life
 He worked mostly with
the Huron's in eastern
Canada
 He was captured by
the Iroquois and was
tortured and martyred
Quebec Act
 Made Catholicism legal in Canada
 Passed by the British parliament and gave
French Canadians freedom to practice their
religion and hold public office
Charles Carroll
 In the early development of the U.S. some
states prohibited Catholics from having
churches or holding public office
 Charles Carroll was one of the signers of the
Declaration of Independence that set the
U.S. free from English Rule
 The new constitution (1776) and Bill of rights
gave to all citizens the freedom of worship
and provided separation of church and state
Bishop John Carroll
 First north American
bishop, elected in
1789
 Organized the first
diocese in North
America (U.S.),
establish a seminary
and Catholic college
Immigration in North America
 Canada and the U.S. populations grow
dramatically in 1800’s
 Immigrants were exploited by employers in
North America and Europe (lead to Rerum
Novarum --Leo XIII book on workers)
 Catholic schools were established run by
catholic leaders and public schools run by
protestant leaders
Notre Dame University
 One of the first universities in North
America. Run by the Jesuits, an order of
Catholic brothers.
Council of Baltimore
 Council of U.S. bishops in 1884
 Every parish must have a catholic school
 Produced the Baltimore Catechism. A
textbook for teaching religion (the Catholic
faith) in schools. This was used until 1950.
Pope Benedict XV
 Tried to end WWI
 Gave away large sums of
money from the Vatican
Treasury (bank) for relief
work amount the
homeless, sick and
wounded caused by WWI
 Warned the western
countries against
humiliating Germany and
making Germany pay for a
lot of the damage they did
during WWII
Lateran Treaty
 In 1929
 Papacy gave up legal claims to the papal
states and acknowledge to the status of the
king of Italy
 Italian government (Mussolini) recognized
the 40 acres of the Vatican city as an
independent state and compensated the
Vatican for the los of the papal states (taken
over by previous leaders)
World War II
 Pope Pius XI wrote letters to be read in German
churches against Hitler
 The Vatican is responsible for saving an estimated
400,00 Jews. Pope Pius XII was given a medal by
the Israeli government for his efforts.
 Many Christians protected and hid Jews and
others persecuted by Nazi party
 Church and many Christians and western
countries (allied forces) are blamed for not doing
enough to stop the Holocaust
Suppression of Church in Russia
and China
 Soviet Union leaders Lenin and later Stalin
suppressed the church persecuting and
killing millions of Christians over many years
of their rule of the soviet union (1918 –
1950)
 In China in 1949 a new leader Mao Tse-tung
made china a communist country and then
suppressed the church persecuting leaders.
Pope John XXIII
 Called Vatican council
II
Vatican Council II
 Was called to open a dialogue between the
church and the whole world, promote unity
among Catholics and modernize the church
in a rapidly changing world
 It renewed the liturgy and mass, opened up
the church to more participation from the
people, encouraged the ecumenical
movement, and opened discussions with all
the secular movements in the modern world.
Archbishop Oscar Romero
 Romero started off as a apolitical, complacent
priest in El Salvador
 El Salvador was ruled by a Rich Elite family that
ran the army. (An Aristocracy that became a
military junta)
 He was made Bishop and then Archbishop
 He soon became a leader of the Salvadoran
people against the injustices and oppression in his
country; a champion for social justice
 He was assassinated while saying mass in 1980
Archbishop Romero
 Days before his murder
Archbishop Romero told
a reporter, "You can tell
the people that if they
succeed in killing me,
that I forgive and bless
those who do it.
Hopefully, they will
realize they are wasting
their time. A bishop will
die, but the church of
God, which is the people,
will never perish."
Mother Teresa
Missionaries of Charity




Religious order founder by Mother Theresa
Started in Calcutta, India
Helped the poorest of the poor in India
Now exists in many counties around the
world
Pope John Paul II
 Was pope from 1980 –
2006
 The most prolific
writing and traveling
pope
 Help bring down the
soviet union
 Developed the
renewed interest by
youth for the church
Catechism of The Catholic Church
Pope Benedict XVI
Bishop of Calgary, Bishop Henry