Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Launching The New Ship Of State 1789-1800 THE USA The US had little revenue and high public debt with interest to repay. Worthless paper money was being printed by both the federal government and the states. 1789 – US was growing at an amazing rate – population doubling every 25 yrs. 1790 Census 4 million people in the USA Philadelphia – 42,000 New York – 33,000 Boston – 18,000 Charleston – 16,000 Baltimore – 13,000 KY, TN & OH all growing (VT – 14th state) President Washington Unanimous decision for 1st president by Electoral College (1789) Only unanimous decision in US History 6’2” 175lbs. Washington est. Cabinet Cabinet – confidants and advisors who provide opinion Washington set a precedent by establishing a cabinet; it was not in the Constitution G.W.’s Cabinet Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton 1st Sec. of State 1st Sec. of Treasury Henry Knox 1st Sec. of War Bill of Rights Bill of Rights Anti-federalists clamored for the new government to protect and guarantee individual liberties James Madison guided the Bill of Rights through both Houses for passage 1st Amendment Religious and Political Freedom “Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” (Federalist Papers, 542) 2nd Amendment Right to Bear Arms “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” (Federalist Papers, Madison, Jay & Hamilton, 542) 3rd Amendment Quartering of Troops “No Soldier shall, in times of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in times of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.” (Federalist Papers, 542) 4th Amendment Searches and Seizures “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” (FP, 542-543) 5th Amednment Life, Liberty, and Property “No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” (FP, 543) 6th Amendment Protection in Criminal Trials “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.” (FP, 543) 7th Amendment Suits at Common Law “In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. “ (FP, 543) 8th Amendment Bail and Punishment “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. (FP, 543) 9th Amendment Rights Not Enumerated “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. (FP, 543) 10th Amendment Powers Reserved To States and People “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. (FP, 544 – All Amendments from Clinton Rossiter Edition, 1961) 1ST Congress Under GW Created federal courts with Judiciary Act of 1789 Org. Supreme Court w/ Chief Justice and 5 Assoc. Justices Federal, district, and circuit courts all created John Jay – 1st Supreme Court Chief Justice Alexander Hamilton “The Father of the National Debt” Sec. of Treasury Archrival to Thomas Jefferson (hated each other) Financial wizard Wanted to fix economy Wanted to help the rich Hamilton cont… 1st objective – bolster national credit Wanted to “fund” the entire national debt at “par” – meaning the whole value plus interest Wanted to assume states’ debts $54,000,000 – national debt $21,500,000 – state debt Total debt - $75,500,000 More Hamilton… Hamilton assumed taking on states’ debts would chain states closer to the federal government Hamilton was in favor of a strong central government where states would rely on the national or federal government. Debt Massachusetts Heavy in debt and could not pay back what it owed MA. supported Hamilton’s plan Virginia – wealthy state with no debt Hated A.H.’s idea In return, the federal government would build new capital on Potomac River on VA border Bill passed 1790 Bank of United States Hamilton wanted a national bank modeled after The Bank of England Fed. Govt. major stockholder Fed. Treasury would deposit it surplus $ Bank would print paper money to create stable national currency Jefferson Argued against the bank Said it wasn’t written into Constitution, therefore, it couldn’t be done Wanted banking rights to stay with states Bank of US Hamilton prevails Bank of United States created in 1791 Chartered for 20 years Located in Philadelphia Initial capital of $10,000,000 Stock open to public sale Whiskey Rebellion SW Pa. – 1794 High taxed by Hamilton on whiskey ingredients made distiller angry Wouldn’t pay taxes Tarred and feathered tax collectors Washington Sends 13,000 militiamen “Whiskey Boys” overwhelmed and backed down Washington & Fed. Govt. commanded respect and got it… French Revolution @ 1st – peaceful attempt to dethrone King Louis XVI Americans viewed it as a love of liberty Jeffersonian DemocraticRepublicans were overjoyed Franco-American Alliance 1778 France at war with Austria Officially bound US to help France Jeffersonian Republicans favored alliance and assistance Federalists opposed alliance Washington 1793 – US militarily and economically weak Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 – Washington proclaimed that US govt. was neutral and advised private citizens to remain impartial J. Reps – outraged Feds - happy Troubles With Britain Still occupying forts on American soil after Revolution Peace Treaty of 1783 prohibited this British agents openly sold arms to hostile Indians Miami Confederacy (8 hostile Indian Nations) terrorized Americans with these weapons Gen. “Mad Anthony” Wayne 1794 - American General routed Miami Indians Brits refused to give Indians shelter This made Miamis give up their alliance with Brits (doublecrossed) Treaty of Greenville 1795 – Treaty signed between The United States and The Miami Confederacy Miami gave up vast amounts of land in Old Northwest (IN, OH) Indians received $20,000; $9,000 annually and kept hunting rights Miamis recognized as sovereign Royal Navy (ENG) Trying to defeat French in the West Indies US was bound to help France out by Alliance of 1778 Brits struck US Merchant ships West Indies Jeffersonian Republicans wanted to go back to war against Britain for attacking American merchant ships Federalists – wanted to resist going back to war George Washington sent John Jay to London 1794 Jay’s Treaty (1794) Brits promised to evacuate forts in US Americans promised to repay pre-war debt Pickney’s Treaty with Spain Americans were granted free navigation of Miss. River from Spain Jay and Washington Kept America out of war 1796 – George Washington retires by deciding not to run for a third term as president Washington told US to “avoid making permanent entangling alliances.” Election of 1796 John Adams v. Thomas Jefferson Adams v. Jefferson Adams – Federalist Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Very partisan election, people drank beer in separate taverns Election based on personalities, not politics Adams wins the Electoral College 71-68 Problems with France France was upset over Jay’s Treaty with England Felt it was a violation of FrancoAmerican Alliance 1778 France began to seize American merchant ships Refused American envoy Talleyrand 1797 Adams sends envoy of 3 men (John Marshall) to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand Met by 3 gobetweens (X,Y, and Z) The X,Y, Z Affair France demanded loan of $32 million florins, bribe of $250,000 for privilege to speak to Talleyrand US refused Marshall returns home to US a hero for not compromising War Hysteria with France Navy Dept. created by Adams Admin. US Marine Corps created New Army of 10,000 men authorized 1798-1800 – hostilities between France and US were limited to the world’s oceans France could not wage war against America b/c hands were full in Europe. Talleyrand Knows he can’t wage war, so he calls for a new envoy from US 1799 – Adams submits new name to Senate for approval to go to France American envoy reaches Paris in early 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte Seized dictatorial power of France Wanted to end war with USA to focus on fighting in Europe Convention of 1800 signed at Paris ending conflict Cancelled Alliance 1778 Alien Laws (no not space aliens) There was a fear of immigrants in the late 18th century in America Federalists did not like immigrants The requirement for citizenship was increased from 5 years to 14 years Allowed president to deport “dangerous” foreigners in times of peace, and imprison during times of war Sedition Act Slap to freedom of speech and press !!! Went against 1st Amendment Anyone who got in the way of govt. policy or falsely defamed govt. officials (president) would have fine and prison sentence Federalists Rule by the best people “Those who own, ought to govern.” Distrusted democracy Strong central government Protect estates and wealth $$$$$ Pro-British in foreign policy Jeffersonian Republicans Dirt farmers and laborers, led by the rich aristocrat Jefferson “best government is government that governs the least.” Power should be retained by the states Agrarian lifestyle No special privileges for classes “rule for ALL people, by some people” (the literate)