Download Launching The New Ship Of State

Launching The New
Ship Of State
1789-1800
THE USA
The US had little revenue and high
public debt with interest to repay.
Worthless paper money was being
printed by both the federal government
and the states.
1789 – US was growing at an amazing
rate – population doubling every 25 yrs.
1790 Census
4 million people in the USA
Philadelphia – 42,000
New York – 33,000
Boston – 18,000
Charleston – 16,000
Baltimore – 13,000
KY, TN & OH all growing (VT – 14th
state)
President Washington
Unanimous decision
for 1st president by
Electoral College
(1789)
Only unanimous
decision in US
History
6’2” 175lbs.
Washington est. Cabinet
Cabinet – confidants and advisors who
provide opinion
Washington set a precedent by
establishing a cabinet; it was not in the
Constitution
G.W.’s Cabinet
Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton
1st Sec. of State
1st Sec. of Treasury
Henry Knox
1st Sec. of War
Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights
Anti-federalists clamored for the new
government to protect and guarantee
individual liberties
James Madison guided the Bill of Rights
through both Houses for passage
1st Amendment
Religious and Political Freedom
“Congress shall make no law respecting
the establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of
the press; or of the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition
the government for a redress of
grievances.” (Federalist Papers, 542)
2nd Amendment
Right to Bear Arms
“A well regulated Militia, being
necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to keep
and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”
(Federalist Papers, Madison, Jay &
Hamilton, 542)
3rd Amendment
Quartering of Troops
“No Soldier shall, in times of peace be
quartered in any house, without the
consent of the Owner, nor in times of
war, but in a manner to be prescribed by
law.”
(Federalist Papers, 542)
4th Amendment
Searches and Seizures
“The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue,
but upon probable cause, supported by Oath
or affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or
things to be seized.” (FP, 542-543)
5th Amednment
Life, Liberty, and Property
“No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a
grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or
in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public
danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to
be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in
any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just
compensation.”
(FP, 543)
6th Amendment
Protection in Criminal Trials
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial
jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall
have been committed, which district shall have been
previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of
the nature and cause of the accusation; to be
confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his
defense.”
(FP, 543)
7th Amendment
Suits at Common Law
“In suits at common law, where the value in
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the
right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no
fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise
reexamined in any court of the United States,
than according to the rules of the common
law. “
(FP, 543)
8th Amendment
Bail and Punishment
“Excessive bail shall not be required,
nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel
and unusual punishments inflicted.
(FP, 543)
9th Amendment
Rights Not Enumerated
“The enumeration in the Constitution, of
certain rights, shall not be construed to
deny or disparage others retained by
the people.
(FP, 543)
10th Amendment
Powers Reserved To States and People
“The powers not delegated to the United
States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the states, are
reserved to the states respectively, or to
the people.
(FP, 544 – All Amendments from Clinton
Rossiter Edition, 1961)
1ST Congress Under GW
Created federal courts with Judiciary Act
of 1789
Org. Supreme Court w/ Chief Justice
and 5 Assoc. Justices
Federal, district, and circuit courts all
created
John Jay – 1st Supreme Court Chief
Justice
Alexander Hamilton
“The Father of the National Debt”
Sec. of Treasury
Archrival to Thomas
Jefferson (hated
each other)
Financial wizard
Wanted to fix
economy
Wanted to help the
rich
Hamilton cont…
1st objective – bolster national credit
Wanted to “fund” the entire national debt
at “par” – meaning the whole value plus
interest
Wanted to assume states’ debts
$54,000,000 – national debt
$21,500,000 – state debt
Total debt - $75,500,000
More Hamilton…
Hamilton assumed taking on states’
debts would chain states closer to the
federal government
Hamilton was in favor of a strong central
government where states would rely on
the national or federal government.
Debt
Massachusetts
Heavy in debt and
could not pay back
what it owed
MA. supported
Hamilton’s plan
Virginia – wealthy
state with no debt
Hated A.H.’s idea
In return, the federal
government would
build new capital on
Potomac River on
VA border
Bill passed 1790
Bank of United States
Hamilton wanted a
national bank modeled
after The Bank of
England
Fed. Govt. major
stockholder
Fed. Treasury would
deposit it surplus $
Bank would print paper
money to create stable
national currency
Jefferson
Argued against the
bank
Said it wasn’t written
into Constitution,
therefore, it couldn’t
be done
Wanted banking
rights to stay with
states
Bank of US
Hamilton prevails
Bank of United States created in 1791
Chartered for 20 years
Located in Philadelphia
Initial capital of $10,000,000
Stock open to public sale
Whiskey Rebellion
SW Pa. – 1794
High taxed by
Hamilton on whiskey
ingredients made
distiller angry
Wouldn’t pay taxes
Tarred and
feathered tax
collectors
Washington
Sends 13,000
militiamen
“Whiskey Boys”
overwhelmed and
backed down
Washington & Fed.
Govt. commanded
respect and got it…
French Revolution
@ 1st – peaceful
attempt to dethrone
King Louis XVI
Americans viewed it
as a love of liberty
Jeffersonian
DemocraticRepublicans were
overjoyed
Franco-American
Alliance 1778
France at war with Austria
Officially bound US to help France
Jeffersonian Republicans favored
alliance and assistance
Federalists opposed alliance
Washington
1793 – US militarily and economically
weak
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 –
Washington proclaimed that US govt.
was neutral and advised private citizens
to remain impartial
J. Reps – outraged
Feds - happy
Troubles With Britain
Still occupying forts
on American soil
after Revolution
Peace Treaty of
1783 prohibited this
British agents
openly sold arms to
hostile Indians
Miami Confederacy
(8 hostile Indian
Nations) terrorized
Americans with
these weapons
Gen. “Mad Anthony”
Wayne
1794 - American
General routed
Miami Indians
Brits refused to give
Indians shelter
This made Miamis
give up their alliance
with Brits (doublecrossed)
Treaty of Greenville
1795 – Treaty signed between The
United States and The Miami
Confederacy
Miami gave up vast amounts of land in
Old Northwest (IN, OH)
Indians received $20,000; $9,000
annually and kept hunting rights
Miamis recognized as sovereign
Royal Navy (ENG)
Trying to defeat
French in the West
Indies
US was bound to
help France out by
Alliance of 1778
Brits struck US
Merchant ships
West Indies
Jeffersonian Republicans wanted to go
back to war against Britain for attacking
American merchant ships
Federalists – wanted to resist going
back to war
George Washington sent John Jay to
London 1794
Jay’s Treaty (1794)
Brits promised to
evacuate forts in US
Americans promised to
repay pre-war debt
Pickney’s Treaty with
Spain Americans were
granted free navigation
of Miss. River from
Spain
Jay and Washington
Kept America out of war
1796 – George Washington retires by
deciding not to run for a third term as
president
Washington told US to “avoid making
permanent entangling alliances.”
Election of 1796
John Adams
v.
Thomas Jefferson
Adams v. Jefferson
Adams – Federalist
Jefferson – Democratic-Republican
Very partisan election, people drank
beer in separate taverns
Election based on personalities, not
politics
Adams wins the Electoral College 71-68
Problems with France
France was upset
over Jay’s Treaty
with England
Felt it was a
violation of FrancoAmerican Alliance
1778
France began to
seize American
merchant ships
Refused American
envoy
Talleyrand 1797
Adams sends envoy
of 3 men (John
Marshall) to meet
with French foreign
minister Talleyrand
Met by 3 gobetweens (X,Y, and
Z)
The X,Y, Z Affair
France demanded loan of $32 million
florins, bribe of $250,000 for privilege to
speak to Talleyrand
US refused
Marshall returns home to US a hero for
not compromising
War Hysteria with
France
Navy Dept. created by Adams Admin.
US Marine Corps created
New Army of 10,000 men authorized
1798-1800 – hostilities between France
and US were limited to the world’s
oceans
France could not wage war against
America b/c hands were full in Europe.
Talleyrand
Knows he can’t wage war, so he calls
for a new envoy from US
1799 – Adams submits new name to
Senate for approval to go to France
American envoy reaches Paris in early
1800
Napoleon Bonaparte
Seized dictatorial
power of France
Wanted to end war
with USA to focus on
fighting in Europe
Convention of 1800
signed at Paris
ending conflict
Cancelled Alliance
1778
Alien Laws (no not
space aliens)
There was a fear of immigrants in the
late 18th century in America
Federalists did not like immigrants
The requirement for citizenship was
increased from 5 years to 14 years
Allowed president to deport “dangerous”
foreigners in times of peace, and
imprison during times of war
Sedition Act
Slap to freedom of speech and press !!!
Went against 1st Amendment
Anyone who got in the way of govt.
policy or falsely defamed govt. officials
(president) would have fine and prison
sentence
Federalists
Rule by the best people
“Those who own, ought to govern.”
Distrusted democracy
Strong central government
Protect estates and wealth $$$$$
Pro-British in foreign policy
Jeffersonian
Republicans
Dirt farmers and laborers, led by the rich
aristocrat Jefferson
“best government is government that
governs the least.”
Power should be retained by the states
Agrarian lifestyle
No special privileges for classes
“rule for ALL people, by some people”
(the literate)