Download Section Two - Edinburgh PE

Section Two
IDENTIFICATION OF
STRENGTHS AND AREAS FOR
DEVELOPMENT.

In this section you will have identified a strength
and area for development from the data you
have collected on your performance.
 This may be in the area of skill acquisition or
physical fitness.

We will now look at the theory behind skill
acquisition and physical fitness in more detail.
SKILL ACQUISITION
Skills
 These
are the tools which we need to take
part in the activity.
 They also give information about the
purpose of the action.
 Examples of skills are – passing(to get the
ball from one team mate to another),
shooting (to try to score a goal/point in to a
set area).
Techniques
 The
technique is the way in which the skill
is performed eg.
 Basketball–
 Passing (chest pass, bounce pass)
 Shooting (lay up shot, set shot, jump shot)
 The technique is often selected because
of the situation.
Breaking Down a Skill
 When
we try to describe a skill it should be
broken down into three areas.
 Preparation.
 Action.
 Recovery.
 Preparation
• This is what happens in order to allow the action
to take place.
 Action
• This describes the actual action.
 Recovery
• This is what happens after the action to allow the
player to be ready for the next action.
Processing Information
4.Feedback
3. Output
2. Decision Making
1. Input
Processing Information

Input


Decision Making


Decisions are then based on the information you have received: putting
more important information first.
Output


This is information you receive from your senses, e.g. sight and sound.
The way you decide to move and respond to the decisions you have
made.
Feedback

Information during and after your chosen response about your
performance.
Stages of Learning
Beginner
Intermediate
Expert
Beginner
 Also
known as the Planning stage of
learning.
 This is the first few attempts of the skill.
 Lots of errors are noticeable.
 Lots of feedback needed.
Intermediate
 Also
known as the Practice stage of
learning.
 Link together parts of the skill so it looks
more fluent.
 Number of errors reduced.
 Feedback still needed to improve.
Expert
 Also
known as the Automatic stage of
learning.
 Skill is fluent and controlled and can be
done without thinking about it.
 Few errors are made.
 You can focus on other aspects of your
performance e.g. tactics.
Skill Classification
 Skills
exist on a continuum between
closed and open.
 Closed skills are skills that have few
factors influencing performance.
 Open skills are skills which are
unpredictable and have a number of
external factors influencing performance.
Skill Classification

Simple Skills
 Little decision making
required.
 Basic movement
patterns

Complex Skills
 High decision making
required.
 Many Sub-routines.
 Lots of information to
be processed.
Skill Classification
Skills – repetitive in nature. No
clear beginning or end. E.g. Cycling
 Serial Skills – Made up of several
identifiable parts. E.g. Long Jump
 Discrete Skills – Skill’s which have a clear
beginning and end. E.g. High Serve
 Continuous
Mechanical Principles
These are the facts which affect
how we perform skills.

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Centre of Gravity
This is found just above
the level of the hips.
Its position varies as the
shape of the body
changes.
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Stability
How large the base of
support is for your body.
The larger the base of
support the easier it is to
remain balanced.
To remain balanced you
must try to keep the
centre of gravity above
the base.
Improving Balance


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
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To make your body more stable you should
consider –
1. Lowering the centre of gravity.
2. Making the area of your base larger.
3. Keeping your centre of gravity as close to the
centre of your base as possible.
4. If there is an oncoming force (eg strong
wind) leaning in to the force will help keep the
body stable.
Transfer of Weight
 This
is the movement of weight from one
body part to another.
 This can be seen in different ways.
Throwing

Stepping into an
action adds power to
the throw.
Catching

Stepping back as the
ball is caught and
drawing the hands in
absorbs the force of
the throw.
Striking

Transferring the
weight from the back
foot to the front foot
as an object is struck
will add power to the
striking action.
Gymnastics

The weight is
transferred from one
body part to another
to perform gymnastics
actions.
 E.g. handstand the
weight is transferred
from the feet to the
hands and back to the
feet.
Force
 Newton’s
third Law of Motion states that
 “for every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction”
 In PE this means that if a force is applied
in one direction the body will move in the
opposite direction.
Canoeing

The Canoeist pulls his
paddle back to propel
the canoe forward.
Athletics – Long Jump

When an athlete
jumps they apply a
force downwards,
which in turn
produces power in the
opposite direction
(upwards).
Copy and paste into a
web browser please
to show a video of
the world’s best long
jumpers:
http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=9QGlO
outwLY
Friction
 This
is caused when two surfaces rub
together.
 This creates resistance.
 In physical activity resistance can be an
advantage or a disadvantage.
Advantages

These sprinters wear
spiked shoes which
will give a better grip
on the track.
 This increases and
allows them to apply
more force
backwards.
 This will cause them
to move forward
faster.
Disadvantages

In some activities the
participants have to
reduce the amount of
resistance.
 The downhill skier
shown is keeping a
low body position to
reduce resistance
(drag) which is acting
against him.
Cycling Example

Cyclists reduce resistance by using
‘streamlining’ or ‘drafting’. This involves sitting
behind the leader using them as a windbreak.
FITNESS
PHYSICAL FITNESS
Warm Up
A
warm up is designed to prepare the
body thoroughly for the activity that the
performer is about to participate in.
 There are 3 main sections to any warm up.
 Pulse raiser.
 Stretching.
 Skills practice.
Pulse Raiser
 This
activity is designed to take the body
from a resting state to active.
Pulse Raiser

The main objective of this part of the warm up is:
•
•
•
•
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to raise body temperature,
increase blood flow to the muscles,
increase oxygen intake
begin to loosen the muscles in preparation for the
activity ahead.
Heating the muscles allows the performer to
more effectively stretch them with reduced risk
of injury.
Stretching
 Stretching
can be active or static.
 Both types have merit however, some are
more appropriate to specific sports than
others.
Stretching

Active stretching is done whilst the body is on
the move. Can be done with various movements
or actions whilst jogging.
 Static stretching is done on the spot whilst
standing still and is more effective in targeting
specific muscle groups that may have caused a
performer issues in the past.
Skills Practice
 This
is the final stage of the warm up.
 It is performed to specifically prepare the
muscles used during the performance.
Skills Practice
 The
practice must be suitable to the
activity and not place too much strain on
the body.
 It is designed to prepare the body and
performing an explosive action before the
body has completed a full and
comprehensive warm up could result in
injuries.
Aspects of Physical Fitness
STRENGTH
CARDIO VASCULAR
ENDURANCE
SPEED
PHYSICAL FITNESS
LOCAL MUSCULAR
ENDURANCE
POWER
FLEXIBILITY
Cardio Respiratory
System
Cardio-Respiratory System
 Your
body needs a regular supply of
oxygen so that it can work.
 The harder the work gets the more oxygen
is required.
 To supply this means that your heart and
lungs have to work together.
Cardio
 As
you work harder your heart must work
harder.
 There are 2 ways in which your heart can
increase the blood supply to the body.
 Increase stroke volume.
 Increase beats per minute.
Respiratory
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As you breathe air is drawn into your lungs.
The oxygen is absorbed into the blood.
The blood carries the oxygen to the parts of the
body which require it so they can work.
There are 2 ways in which more oxygen can be
taken in .
Increase lung capacity through deeper breathes.
Increased breathing rate.

As a result of this work the muscles produce a
waste products such as carbon dioxide, urea
and lactic acid.
 The haemoglobin in the blood absorbs these
from the cells and carries it back to the lungs
and other organs to remove them from the
system.
 This is done through breathing out cleansing by
kidneys and other removal methods.
Circulatory System
 This
is made up of the heart and blood
vessels.
 Through this system the blood flows
continuously around the body.
 The heart is the pump which sends the
blood through the blood vessels.
Blood Vessels
 Various
blood vessels are involved in this
system.
 These include : Arteries
 Veins
 Capillaries
Circulatory System
 As
your body works harder it needs more
oxygen.
 The blood collects the extra oxygen from
the lungs and carries it via the heart to the
rest of the body.
 This means that the blood will need to
travel from the heart faster to supply the
body with oxygen.
Cardio Respiratory
Endurance
Cardio Respiratory Endurance

This is needed to allow the heart and lungs to
transport oxygen to the muscles over a long
period of time.
 This allows the body to work with oxygenaerobic work.
 A performer that has good cardio respiratory
endurance is able to perform skills to a high
level for long periods of time during play.

The test for this is the Cooper Test or the Leger
test.
Training Zone
 To
do this you need to find out your
TRAINING ZONE.
 The maximum pulse is 220 beats per
minute, minus your age. It is very difficult
to work at your maximum so a training
zone of 60% to 85% is advised.
Local Muscular
Endurance
Local Muscular Endurance
 This
is needed to allow a group of muscles
to work over a period of time.
 Some activities require the same group of
muscles to work continuously.
 The
test for this is one minute maximums
(e.g. number of sit-ups in one minute)
Strength
Strength
 This
is the maximum amount of force that
the body or a muscle group can exert at
any one time.
 This can be measured through maximum
lift in weight training.

Strength is needed
when any heavy
weight needs to be
carried, lifted, thrown
or held.
Speed
Speed
 This
can be broken down into 2 areas.
 Full body speed and limb speed.
 If you are required to travel a distance as
quickly as possible then you will require
whole body speed.
 100m freestyle swim or a fast break in
basketball.
Full Body Speed

A sprinter requires the
whole body to move
fast to win the race.
Limb Speed
 To
produce power you require to have
good limb speed.
 By being able to move your arm fast you
can produce a high level of power in any
shot in tennis or a shot / pass in hockey.
Power
Power
 This
is the ability to produce a one off
explosive movement.
 This could be lifting a weight, putting a
shot or a tackle in rugby.
 These all require whole body strength to
produce a high standard of skill and gain
the best results.
Flexibility
Suppleness/ Flexibility

This is the range of movement at a joint.
 Many activities require good flexibility.
 Increased flexibility also helps to prevent
injury as the muscles are able to work without
being strained.
 Flexibility is not only useful in gymnastics,
trampolining, diving etc but it is also essential
in the production of power and accuracy in
many sports.
FITNESS
MENTAL FITNESS
Mental Fitness
 This
is essential in sport as mental
strength can often be the difference
between first and nowhere.
 Many include : Concentration
 Motivation
 Determination
 Visualisation
Activity Demands: Mental
 Basketball:
 This
Managing Emotions
affects how well you perform.
 Your “heads not in the game”.
 Anxiousness from expectations or stress
can lead to high levels of stress. This can
limit your performance.
Activity Demands: Mental
 Visualisation
 Running
through your mind about what
you need to do to perform well.
 Useful in controlling speed and pace of
play, or movements.
 Example Free throw. You can rehearse all
component parts of the situation.
FITNESS
SKILL-RELATED FITNESS
Skill-Related Fitness
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This is the ability to perform skills in the game
environment.
Some of these are natural but most can be
trained through a variety of practice methods.
Skill related fitness includes the following:Reaction Time
Agility
Co-ordination
Balance
 Co-ordination

This is the ability to link and control
movements smoothly and fluently.
 Reaction

Time
Reaction time is the time between recognising
a stimulus and responding to it.
 Agility

This is the ability to move your body quickly
and precisely at speed.
 Balance

Balance is the ability to retain the centre of
gravity over your base of support.