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Transcript
Notes ch. 17. 1 Before the war: *FDR realized that US was not going to stay out of the war. However, the political situation in US was not in favor of participating in war. *Aug. 1941, FDR and Churchill secretly meet off coast of Newfoundland work out an arrangement for peace after the war. Called the Atlantic Charter it was the foundation for the future United Nations. *Sept. 1940, Congress authorizes the 1st peacetime draft. Men 21-36 required to register. *Dec. 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. *Dec.8, 1941 FDR asks Congress to declare war on Japan. *3 days later Germany and Italy declare war on US. The WAR 16 million American will serve in WWII. Of which: * 300,000 Mexican American * 25,000 Native Americans including the Code Talkers * 20,000 Japanese Americans (after 1943) * 1,000,000 African American troops. African American and Japanese troops fought in segregated units. In 1942, African Am. troops are officially given combat assignments, including the Army Air force 99th Fighter Squadron, the Black Eagles. * 350,000 women will serve in non-combat roles. The largest military group-Women’s Army Corps (WAC) Fighting * The Battle of the Atlantic: German subs in groups of up to 30, called wolf packs, attacked British and US military and merchant ships. High losses by allies. * North Africa Campaign: British, under Gen. Montgomery, and US, under Eisenhower trap German commander Rommel, the desert fox, in 1943. Nearly 240,000 Germans and Italians surrender. * Invasion of Italy: July 1943, Patton attacks Sicily, the island falls in 38 days. Mussolini is overthrown. Allied troops invade the Italian mainland and in Sept. the new Italian gov’t surrenders. HOWEVER, German troops in Italy do not. The allies will not control Italy until April 1945. * The Soviet Union: Hitler broke his pact with Stalin and invades the USSR. 3.6 million Germans poured into Russia. The soviets adopt a “scorched earth” policy. They make their stand at Stalingrad. * The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the war in the east. On January 31, 1943, 90,000 freezing Germans surrendered. USSR begins long fight to regain its lost territory. * D-Day: the allies invade western Europe on June 6, 1944 at Normandy. Largest landing by sea in history. Under cover of massive air shelling, 150,000 Allied troops and equipment begin to come ashore along 60 miles of Normandy coast. * Battle of the Bulge: German counter attack to protect Germany from allied advances. The attack overwhelmed American forces and pushed them back, causing the lines to “bulge” and cutting off some units. This was the largest battle in western Europe and largest ever fought by US. Nazi leaders will realize after their loss here that the war is lost. Yalta Conference: In Feb. 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin had met at Yalta, near the Black Sea, to plan for post war Germany. Germany was to be: split into 4 zones - 1 each for England, US, USSR, France. Berlin, the capital, would lie inside the USSR zone but would also be split into four similar zones. Free elections were to be held in every nation liberated by the Allies. Russia refused to allow this to happen in USSR controlled territories. * Battle of Berlin: The Soviets pushed into Berlin from the east, Hitler refuses to flee and commits suicide (May 1, 1945). On May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders. V-E day: May 8, 1945 victory in Europe. Rejoicing by both civilians and soldiers. But war isn’t over yet. Japan still has to be defeated. Notes Ch. 24.3 *Dec. 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl *Philippines : Within hours Japan bombs Clark Field, the US airbase in the Philippines. D. MacArthur knew of the attack on Hawaii but did not expect an immediate attack on Clark, so his planes were sitting parked together. He loses 1/2 of his air force. W/in 4 mos. Am. and Filipino forces withdraw to Corregidor, an island in Manila Bay, they hold out another month. But on May 6, 1942, many sick, wounded, starving, 76,000 surrender. Mac Arthur promises to return. *Bataan Death March: These POW’s are divided into groups of 5001000 and march 60 miles to RR to be sent to concentration camps for the remainder of the war. During the 6-10 day march approx. 10,000 will die. Those who couldn’t keep up were executed by Japanese. *Battle of the Coral Sea: May, 1942, 1st naval combat conducted entirely by air. Losses were high on both sides and militarily a draw. However, it prevented Japan from establishing the bases it needed to invade Australia. *Battle of Midway: June 4, 1942, also fought completely from air. American planes caught Japanese carriers while their planes were still being loaded with bombs. Americans swiftly destroyed 3 of Japanese carriers and destroyed a 4th trying to escape. A turning point for the Pacific theatre. Japan will not launch any more offensive actions and US will begin to take the offense. *Battle of Guadalcanal: Am. marines 1st taste of jungle warfare. 2000 Japs hold the island from 11,000 marines for months, until they slip off the island undetected. Japanese had learned how to camouflage, and maneuver in jungle—marines had to learn. *Island hopping strategy: US forces began to selectively attack or bypass enemy held islands. Ignoring ones not considered strategic. Always the Japanese fought fiercely and both sides suffered heavy casualties. *MacArthur vigorously objected to US plans to bypass the Philippines. So in Oct. 1944, 160,000 Am. troops invaded. Once the beach head was secured, MacArthur recorded the event to news cameras, proclaiming, “People of the Philippines, I have returned” The Philippines will not be securely in US hands until June 1945. *Leyte Gulf: The greatest naval battle in world history. More than 280 warships in a 3 day battle. Japanese kamikazes, or suicide planes, were first used. Jap. Navy was virtually destroyed, but land forces con’t to fight. *Battle of Iwo Jima: One of bloodiest of the war. Feb 1945, US troops invade. Americans suffered 25,000 casualties during the month it took to capture this 14 square mile island. Only 216 Japanese were taken prisoner. *Battle of Okinawa: The costliest battle of the Pacific war with near 50,000 US casualties. Strong Japanese resistance as this was the last stronghold to an attack upon the Japanese home lands. Japanese philosophy, shown many times over, was that you died fighting. You did NOT surrender. With this understanding a direct invasion of Japan would be very costly in lives of Americans. *The Manhattan Project: the conclusion of the development of an atom bomb was tested on July 16, 1945, in the desert of N.M. With a blinding flash of light and a huge crater, it blew out windows 125 miles away. *Truman authorizes the use of this new bomb. Aug. 6, 1945, the American plane the Enola Gay dropped the bomb on Hiroshima, a city in southern Japan and a large army base. 90% of building destroyed along w/ approx. 140,000 dead. The Japanese refuse to surrender. *3 days later, another bomb is dropped on Nagasaki with similar results. *V-J Day: On Aug. 14, 1945, the nation of Japan accepts America’s demand for unconditional surrender. The formal surrender signed on Sept. 2, 1945. WWII is over. The Allies charge and bring to trial some Nazi and Japanese leaders. The most recognized of these trials are the Nuremburg trials, held in Nuremburg, Germany. Starting in November of 1945 the Allies will try 24 leading Nazi civilian and military leaders. Twelve will receive the death sentence. The most significant impact of the trials is the idea that as a military officer the excuse “I was only following orders” will no longer be accepted by the world.