Download Figure 5.5-3

Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Chapter 5
Circuit Theorems
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.1-1
Design problem involving a strain gauge
bridge.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.2-1
Dynamo Room at the Pearl Street Station. This was
Edison’s first central station for incandescent electric
lighting. It began operation in New York City in 1882.
Courtesy of General Electric Company.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.2-2
Baker electric car, 1910. Courtesy of
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assoc.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.2-3
Bay Area Rapid
Transit (BART)
railway.
Photograph
copyright © by
Ron May.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.2-4
Skyline of New York City at night.
Photograph copyright © by Ron May.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 5.2-5
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Original tinfoil phonograph patented by
Edison in 1877. Courtesy of Science
Museum, London.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.3-1
Two equivalent circuits.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.3-2
(a) Voltage source with an external resistor
R. (b) Current source with an external
resistance R.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.3-3
Method of source transformations.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.3-4
The circuits of Example 5.3-1. All
resistances in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.3-5
The circuit of Example 5.3-2. Resistances
in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.3-6
Source transformation steps for Example
5.3-2. All resistances in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.3-1
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.3-2
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.3-3
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.3-4
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.4-1
(a) A circuit containing two independent sources.
(b) The circuit after the ideal ammeter has been
replaced by the equivalent short circuit and a
label has been added to indicate the current
measured by the ammeter, im.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.4-2
(a) Circuit of Example 5.4-1 with the current source
set equal to zero. (b) Circuit of Example 5.4-1 with
the voltage source set equal to zero.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.4-1
(a) A circuit containing two independent sources.
(b) The circuit after the ideal voltmeter has been
replaced by the equivalent open circuit and a
label has been added to indicate the voltage
measured by the voltmeter, vm.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure E 5.4-2
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
(a) A circuit containing two independent sources.
(b) The circuit after the ideal ammeter has been
replaced by the equivalent short circuit and a
label has been added to indicate the current
measured by the ammeter, im.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.4-3
(a) A circuit containing two independent sources.
(b) The circuit after the ideal voltmeter has been
replaced by the equivalent open circuit and a
label has been added to indicate the voltage
measured by the voltmeter, vm.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.4-3
Circuit for Example 5.4-2.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.4-4
Circuit with (a) the voltage source activated and
the current source deactivated and (b) the
current source activated and the voltage source
deactivated. All resistances are in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-1
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), who
is often credited with the basic work leading
to Thévenin’s theorem. Courtesy of the New
York Public Library.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-2
(a) Circuit and (b) a Thévenin circuit
connected to a load resistor.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-3
Summary of Thévenin circuit approach.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-4
Circuit for Example 5.5-1.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 5.5-5
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Steps for determining the Thévenin
equivalent circuit for the circuit left of the
terminals of Figure 5.5-4.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-6
Circuit for Example 5.5-2. Resistances in
ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-7
Circuit of Figure 5.5-6 with all the sources
deactivated. Resistances in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-8
Thévenin equivalent circuit for the circuit
of Figure 5.5-6.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-9
Thévenin circuit with a short circuit at
terminals a–b.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-10
Circuit of Example 5.5-3.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-11
Circuit of Figure 5.5-10 with output
terminals a–b short-circuited.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-12
Circuit for Example 5.5-4.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-13
Circuit of Figure 5.5-12 with terminals a–b
short-circuited. Resistances in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-14
A circuit for which we seek its Thévenin
equivalent. Resistances in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-15
Circuit of Figure
5.5-14 with a 1-A
source connected
at terminals a–b.
Resistances in
ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-16
Thévenin equivalent circuit for the circuit
of Figure 5.5-14.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.5-17
(a) Circuit under test with laboratory
source vs, and resistor R. (b) Circuit of (a)
with Thévenin equivalent circuit replacing
test circuit.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.5-1
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.5-2
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.5-3
Resistances in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.6-1
Norton equivalent circuit for a linear circuit
A.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.6-2
Circuit of Example 5.6-1.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.6-3
Short circuit connected to output
terminals.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.6-4
Circuit of Example 5.6-2. Resistances in
ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.6-5
Short circuit connected to terminals a–b of
the circuit of Figure 5.6-5. Resistances in
ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 5.6-6
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Circuit of Figure 5.6-5 with its sources
deactivated. The voltage source becomes a
short circuit, and the current source is
replaced by an open circuit. Resistances in
ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.6-7
Norton equivalent of the circuit of Figure
5.6-5.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.6-8
The circuit of Example 5.6-3. Resistances
in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.6-9
Circuit of Figure 5.6-8 with a short circuit
at the terminals a–b. Resistances in
ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.6-10
The Norton equivalent circuit for Example
5.6-3.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.6-1
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.6-2
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.6-3
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.7-1
Circuit A contains resistors and
independent and dependent sources. The
load is the resistor RL.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.7-2
The Thévenin equivalent is substituted for
circuit A. Here we use vs for the Thévenin
source voltage.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 5.7-3
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Power actually attained as RL varies in
relation to Rt.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.7-4
Norton’s equivalent circuit representing the
source circuit and a load resistor RL. Here
we use is as the Norton source current.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.7-5
Circuit for Example 5.7-1. Resistances in
ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.7-6
Thévenin equivalent circuit connected to
RL for Example 5.7-1.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 5.7-7
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Determination of maximum power transfer
to a load RL.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.7-1
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.7-2
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.7-3
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure E 5.7-4
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 5.8-1
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
A two-mesh circuit with a dependent
source and a variable input source V1.
Resistances in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.8-2
The PSpice program for the circuit of
Figure 5.8-1.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.8-3
Output for the PSpice program of Figure
5.8-2. The currents in R1 and R3 are
provided for V1 equal to 10 V and 12 V.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.8-4
A circuit with an input source vs.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.8-5
The circuit of Example 5.5-3. Resistances
in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.8-6
The circuit of Figure 5.8-5 redrawn for
PSpice. Resistances in ohms.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 5.8-7
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
The PSpice program for Example 5.5-3.
The dummy source VM1 generates the
control current.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.8-8
Output of PSpice program for Example
5.5-3.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.9-1
The circuit in (b) is obtained by connecting
a resistor, R, across the terminals of the
circuit in (a).
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.9-2
MATLAB file used to solve the mesh
equation representing the circuit shown in
Figure 5.9-1b.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.9-3
Computer screen
showing the use of
MATLAB to analyze
the circuit shown in
Figure 5.9-1.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.9-4
The circuit obtained by connecting a
resistor, R, across the terminals of a
Thévenin equivalent circuit.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.9-5
MATLAB file used to calculate the opencircuit voltage and Thévenin resistance.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 5.10-1
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
(a) A circuit with data obtained by measuring the
voltage across the resistor R and (b) the circuit
obtained by replacing the part of the circuit
connected to R by its Thévenin equivalent
circuit.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.11-1
Design problem involving a strain gauge
bridge.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Figure 5.11-2
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Calculating (a) the open-circuit voltage and
(b) the Thévenin resistance of the strain
gauge bridge.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed
Chapter 5: Circuit Theorems
Figure 5.11-3
Solution to the design problem.
©2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction To Electric Circuits, 5th Ed