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ENERGY IN INDIA
KEY STATISTICS
As recognised in the IEA’s World Energy Outlook
2015, India is currently undergoing a profound
transformation. Demand for energy, specifically coal,
will increase as a result of economic and population
growth, as well as the various structural trends from
growing urbanisation and industrialisation.
POPULATION
1.295 billion
GDP (US$)
GDP GROWTH
GDP PER CAPITA (US$)
2.049trillion
7.3 %
1,581.5
“We will be expanding our coal-based thermal power. That is our
baseload power. All renewables are intermittent. Renewables have
not provided baseload power for anyone in the world”
Piyush Goyal, Minister of State with Independent Charge for Power, Coal, New and Renewable Energy in the Government of India.
KEY ENERGY FACTS
India’s energy mix has developed significantly since 2000.
Industrialisation and the transition away from traditional
biomass (i.e. dung, fuelwood and straw) has resulted in a
more diverse energy mix.
10%
The increase in global
energy demand
since 2000 for which
India accounts.
6%
India’s share of global
energy demand, despite
making up 18% of the
global population.
Primary energy demand in India by fuel
2%
24%
1%
6%
2013
775 Mtoe
23%
Coal
44%
Oil
Biomass
Natural gas
Other renewables
Nuclear
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook (2015), p.431
BY 2040:
1,908
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A growth bigger than
any other country.
India’s forecast
energy demand
Mtoe
India will account for
25% of the rise in
global energy use.
India will account for the
largest absolute growth
in coal consumption.
Over the next three
decades, India’s
economy will grow
5 times its current
size and is forecast
to overtake China’s
position as the
world’s largest
population.
ELECTRICITY
1/20th 6.9%
15%
Percentage that
electricity represents in
final energy consumption.
Global electricity output for which India
accounts for, even though around 1/6 of the
world’s population lives in the country.
¬ By 2040, India’s electricity demand
is forecast to be almost 3300 TWh.
The equivalent to today’s power consumption
of Japan, the Middle East and Africa combined.
Annual average growth in electricity
demand between 2000–2013,
from 376 TWh to 897 TWh.
Per-capita energy consumption in India and selected regions
¬ India’s government recognises that the
provision of electricity will be a central
component of the country’s economic and
social development. As such, the government’s
energy policy is focussed on developing
large-scale coal-fired power plants.
2000
2013
United States
European Union
Note: TOE =
tonnes of oil
equivalent
China
World Average
Southeast Asia
Africa
India
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TOE Per Capita
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook (2015), p.429
COAL IN THE ENERGY MIX
The dominance of coal in India’s energy mix can be attributed to two factors: affordability and access.
Coal is expected to remain the most affordable option through to 2035, driven by low domestic coal
prices and limited gas availability.
Mid
Low
200
150
100
Offshore
Wind
Onshore
Wind
PV (large)
Coal + CCS
Nuclear
OCGT
CCGT
0
USC Coal
50
SC Coal
Percentage of India’s current
power generation capacity
(290 GW) that is satisfied by coal.
High
250
SubC Coal
Levelised Cost of Electricity
($2014/MWH)
60%
300
Source: WCA, India’s Energy Trilemma (2015), p.2
ENERGY POVERTY IN INDIA
India’s disproportionately low energy consumption is due to
the large population without modern and reliable energy.
240
million
Number of Indians without access
to electricity
Many of those that have access
to electricity experience
regular supply disruptions that
necessitate expensive diesel
back-up generators.
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¬ India’s residential electricity consumption
– for those that have power – lags behind
the world average and is according to the
IEA ten-times lower than OECD levels.
For instance, average residential
consumption in Bihar, at around 50
kilowatt-hours (kWh) per capita per year,
is consistent with an average household
use of a fan, a mobile telephone and two
compact fluorescent light bulbs for less
than five hours per day.
¬ Progress in resolving energy challenges
will undeniably result in greater demand
for coal.
INDIA’S NDC
Coal will continue as a driver
of the economy with the
India’s NDC stating: “In order to
secure reliable, adequate and
affordable supply of electricity,
coal will continue to dominate
power generation in future”.
India has pledged to transition
to use supercritical and
ultra-supercritical high
efficiency low emissions (HELE)
technologies for its coal based
power plants.