Download File - Mr. May`s Class

Forensics Introduction &
Deductive Reasoning
2014-2015
Forensic Science
 Def:
applying science to law
 Criminology: study of crime
 Full service crime labs include:
–Physical science unit
–Biology unit
–Firearms Unit
–Documentation Examination Unit
–Photography Unit
–And more……….
Units of a
Crime Lab
Physical Science
Chemistry
 Physics
 Geology
Ex: drugs, glass, paint,
explosives, soil

Biology
 DNA/dried blood
 Other body fluids
stomach acids…)
 Hair
 Fibers
 Plants/wood
(semen,
Biology

Pathologist (studies cellular
changes/various aspects of disease)
 Serologist (studies blood groups and
other bodily fluids)
 Entomologist (studies insects and
decomposition)
 Anthropologist (studies bones to
determine person’s identity)
 Odontologist (examines the patterns
of bite marks, makes casts of bite
marks)
Firearms

Firearms
Discharged bullets
Cartridge cases
Shotgun shells
Ammunition
Gun shot residues
Distances to target

Ballistics expert

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(studies everything
to do with firearms)
Document
Examination
Handwriting
validity (not
interpretation)
 Typing validity
 Analysis of
paper/ink
 Indented writing

Photography

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Photographs of
evidence/scenes
Digital imagery
Infrared (heat)
Ultraviolet
X-rays
Prepares
photograph
exhibits for court
Toxicology

Detection of
poisons or drugs
Latent
Fingerprint
Latent (invisible to the
naked eye)
 Collecting, processing
and examining
fingerprints
 Dactyloscopy (the
study of fingerprints)

Polygraph

Lie detector
examination and
interpretation
Voiceprint Analysis
Records and interprets sound which is
transformed from speech to visual
displays
 Linguists (studies written and oral
communication to identify the speaker)


Evidence
Collection
Collects and preserves physical
evidence to be processed
Other Specialists



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Crime Scene Photographer – aka
identification officer or id technician
Forensic Psychologist – develops
psychological profile of the criminal
Forensic Artist – draws the likeness of the
person based solely on an eyewitness
description or aging a photograph
Forensic Sculptor – reconstructs with
modeling clay the appearance of the face based
from the structure of the skull
Forensic Engineer – concerned with failure
analysis, accident reconstruction and causes and
origins of fires or explosives
Does Lindsey
play soccer?
Introduction of deductive reasoning.
Showing how from just a few statements,
one is able to deduce a great deal.
Objective
The student understands the importance
of logical reasoning, justification, and
proof in mathematics/science.
Performance Description: The student
uses deductive reasoning to prove a
statement.
Vocabulary Terms
The Law of Ruling Out Possibilities: When
statement p or statement q is true, and q is not
true, then p is true.
Finite: Having bounds, limited.
Deduct: To derive by subtracting
Deductive reasoning: the process of reasoning in
which a conclusion follows necessarily from the
premise; reasoning from the general to the
specific.
Activity
Ajay, Maxine, Kenny, Lindsey, and Susan each play
a different sport. The sports are basketball,
soccer, tennis, baseball, and swimming.
Use the following information to deduce which
sports are played by which individuals.
Maxine does not play soccer.
Susan either plays tennis or she swims.
Ajay plays either basketball or tennis, or he
swims.
(4) Kenny does not play a sport with a ball.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Procedure
1. Ask yourself if
your information
is finite. If yes,
construct a grid
to organize your
given
information.
2. Since there are
5 students and 5
sports you will
need a 5 by 5
grid like the one
shown.
Ajay
Maxine
Kenny
Lindsey
Susan
Procedure
3.
4.
5.
Using X’s and subscripts to denote clues,
mark the information you are sure about
in the grid you created.
Using the Law of Ruling Out Possibilities
to eliminate other choices marking them
with X’s in your grid.
O’s denote the only possibility left for
each of the students’ perspective sport.
Procedure
(1) Maxine
does not
play soccer.
(2) Susan
either plays
tennis or she
swims.
(3) Ajay plays
either
basketball or
tennis, or he
swims.
(4) Kenny does
not play a
sport with a
ball.
Ajay
O
X3
X
X3
X
Maxine
X
X1
X
O
X
Kenny
X4
X4
X4
X4
O
Lindsey
X
O
X
X
X
Susan
X2
X2
O
X2
X
Questions
1.
Does Lindsey play soccer?
2.
What careers do you think
this would be applicable?
YES !!!
Doctor, Lawyer, Dentist, Detective, Police,
Teacher, Fire Fighter and many others.
Homework Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the difference between Forensic
Science and Criminology?
Identify the crime lab unit that investigate:
a) Blood?
b) Drugs?
c) Paper?
d) Guns?
Which specialists:
a) Creates drawing from witness statements?
b) Creates clay models from human remains?
c) Creates profiles of criminals?
What is deductive reasoning?
What does finite mean?