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Volume I, Issue II, May 2016 IJRIAS ISSN 2454 – 6194 A Study of Environmental Pollution, Its Sources and Effects Vijay Kumar Global Institute of Technology and Management, Gurgaon Abstract: Environmental pollution is the introduction of harmful pollutants into a certain environment that make an environment unhealthy to live in. The widespread pollutants are usually chemicals, garbage, and wastewater. Environmental pollution is happening in multifold parts of Earth usually in the form of air and water pollution. In this review paper we studied about pollution effect, sources. Environmental pollution is a global issue that affects almost all ecosystems on Earth. Scientists have begun to focus on environmental factors---such as pollution, living conditions and food additives and preservatives---as major potential determinants of health and safety. The absorption of toxins from the atmosphere and from foods has been linked to a number of major health issues including birth defects and cancer. Keywords: Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Soil Pollution. I. INTRODUCTION nvironmental pollution is ―the contamination of the physical and biological components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected‖. In many developed countries laws have been introduced to regulate multifarious types of pollution and to palliate the adverse effects of pollution. Pollution levels must be controlled at all the time if we want to keep our environment safe and healthy. Without proper pollution control, the environment soon becomes unhealthy and nothing will be able to live in it. Preventing introduction of pollutants into the environment is the best way to protect the environment from pollution. To do this it is important to develop ecological conscience of nearby communities and manage waste by recycling. E A healthy environment is prerequisite of healthy life and fighting pollution is definitely the best way to keep the environment healthy. Many Defination of pollution are given below by different authors: "... the direct or indirect introduction, as a result of human activity, of substances or heat into the water or land which may be harmful to human health or the quality of aquatic ecosystems or terrestrial ecosystems directly depending on aquatic ecosystems, which result in damage to material property, or which impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment." The Environmental Management Act of British Columbia defines pollution as: www.ijrias.org "... the presence in the environment of substances or contaminants that substantially alter or impair the usefulness of the environment." "... a person shall not discharge a contaminant or cause or permit the discharge of a contaminant into the natural environment, if the discharge causes or may cause an adverse effect." Similar to the definition of marine pollution given in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS), the Canada Shipping Act 2001, at §165 defines a pollutant in the context of maritime law, as follows: "... a substance that, if added to any waters, would degrade or alter or form part of a process of degradation or alteration of the quality of the waters to an extent that is detrimental to their use by humans or by an animal or a plant that is useful to humans; and any water that contains a substance in such a quantity or concentration, or that has been so treated, processed or changed, by heat or other means, from a natural state, that it would, if added to any waters, degrade or alter or form part of a process of degradation or alteration of the quality of the waters to an extent that is detrimental to their use by humans or by an animal or a plant that is useful to humans." II. TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Basically three types of Environmental pollution Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution A. Air pollution Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities. When ozone forms air pollution, it's also called smog. Some air pollutants are poisonous. Inhaling them can increase the chance you'll have health problems. People Page 9 Volume I, Issue II, May 2016 IJRIAS with heart or lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from air pollution. Air pollution isn't just outside - the air inside buildings can also be polluted and affect your health. Most people agree that to curb global warming, a variety of measures need to be taken. On a personal level, driving and flying less, recycling, and conservation reduces a person’s "carbon footprint"—the amount of carbon dioxide a person is responsible for putting into the atmosphere. Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report. According to the 2014 WHO report, air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide. B. Water pollution Water pollution is any chemical, physical or biological change in the quality of water that has a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or uses or lives (in) it. When humans drink polluted water it often has serious effects on their health. Water pollution can also make water unsuited for the desired use. water pollution can be anything that disrupts the natural environmental or biotic cycle of the body of water. this can include the obvious such as oil spills, fertilizer and insecticide run-off, to excessive aquatic organism waste (such as an open water fish farm). There are several classes of water pollutants. Water pollution is usually caused by human activities. Different human sources add to the pollution of water. There are two sorts of sources, point and nonpoint sources. Point sources discharge pollutants at specific locations through pipelines or sewers into the surface water. Nonpoint sources are sources that cannot be traced to a single site of discharge. Examples of point sources are: factories, sewage treatment plants, underground mines, oil wells, oil tankers and agriculture. Examples of nonpoint sources are: acid deposition from the air, traffic, pollutants that are spread through rivers and pollutants that enter the water through groundwater. Nonpoint pollution is hard to control because the perpetrators cannot be traced C. Soil pollution Soil pollution definition is the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in soil in high enough concentrations to be of risk to human health and/or ecosystem. it's a change in physical, chemical & biological characteristics of land /soil, due to anthropogenic activities. it's include releasing chemical waste on land, overuse of pesticides etc.which made land polluted & out of use. Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not disposed properly. www.ijrias.org ISSN 2454 – 6194 III. SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Pollutants are substance or energy which when introduced into the environment causes undesired effects or adverse effects on useful resources. These pollutants may be gases, liquids, solids or high pitched sounds. Gaseous pollutants are produced during the manufacturing process by most industries. Gaseous pollutants are also emitted by vehicles and burning of fuel and other substances. Some of the common gaseous pollutants are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia gas. Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made (anthropogenic) sources. However, globally human-made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation. Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, India Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year. The United States alone produces about 250 million metric tons. Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's population, but produce roughly 25% of the world’s CO2, and generate approximately 30% of world’s waste. In 2007, China has overtaken the United States as the world's biggest producer of CO2, while still far behind based on per capita pollution - ranked 78th among the world's nations. An industrial area, with a power plant, south of Yangzhou's downtown, China In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists, economists, and policymakers from more than 120 countries, said that humans have been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded. But to change the climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). IV. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Effects are given below: Environment Degradation: Environment is the first casualty for increase in pollution weather in air or water. The Page 10 Volume I, Issue II, May 2016 IJRIAS increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to smog which can restrict sunlight from reaching the earth. Thus, preventing plants in the process of photosynthesis. Gases like Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide can cause acid rain. Water pollution in terms of Oil spill may lead to death of several wildlife species. ISSN 2454 – 6194 which brings about changes that affect our normal lifestyles adversely Above we studies about effect of pollution on human health, ozone depletion etc. REFERENCES [1] Human Health: The decrease in quality of air leads to several respiratory problems including asthma or lung cancer. Chest pain, congestion, throat inflammation, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease are some of diseases that can be causes by air pollution. Water pollution occurs due to contamination of water and may pose skin related problems including skin irritations and rashes. Similarly, Noise pollution leads to hearing loss, stress and sleep disturbance. Global Warming: Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect. The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole, and everywhere in between. Globally, the mercury is already up more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius), and even more in sensitive polar regions. And the effects of rising temperatures aren’t waiting for some farflung future. They’re happening right now. Signs are appearing all over, and some of them are surprising. The heat is not only melting glaciers and sea ice, it’s also shifting precipitation patterns and setting animals on the move. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] Ozone Layer Depletion: Ozone layer is the thin shield high up in the sky that stops ultra violet rays from reaching the earth. As a result of human activities, chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were released int to the atmosphere which contributed to the depletion of ozone layer. Other effect are given below Impure air can kill many organisms including human beings. Pollution can cause heart disease, throat inflammation, respiratory disease, congestion, and chest pain,. Water pollution cause due to contamination or drinking water by untreated sewage cause about 14,000 deaths per day. Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution can cause hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Chemical and radioactive contamination can cause cancer and birth defects. V. CONCLUSION Pollution, we hear it every other day at school, college and read about it in newspapers. So what is it? Pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings; www.ijrias.org [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] "Pollution - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2010-08-13. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Gray, I. (2011). Jaguar Animal. In Tropical-RainforestAnimals.com. Retrieved December 27, 2011 Canada Shipping Act 2001, S.C. 2001, Chapter 26, published at www.canlii.com/ca/sta/c-10.15/ Environmental Management Act, S.B.C. 2003, Chapter 53 Environmental Protection Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. E.19, published at www.canlii.com/on/laws/sta/e-19/index.html EU Water Framework Directive, Directive #2000/60/EC dated October 23, 2000 www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/P/Pollution.aspx www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution.html environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/globalwarming/pollution-overview/ WorstPolluted.org. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-29. 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution". WHO. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014. www.jnblabs.com www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/soil/ Pink, Daniel H. (April 19, 2006). "Investing in Tomorrow's Liquid Gold". Yahoo. West, Larry (March 26, 2006). "World Water Day: A Billion People Worldwide Lack Safe Drinking Water". About. An overview of diarrhea, symptoms, diagnosis and the costs of morbidity" (PDF). CHNRI. 2010. "China says water pollution so severe that cities could lack safe supplies". Chinadaily.com.cn. June 7, 2005. biology.tutorvista.com/environmental-pollution.html Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972 Environmental Performance Report 2001 (Transport, Canada website page) State of the Environment, Issue: Air Quality (Australian Government website page) Pollution and Society Marisa Buchanan and Carl Horwitz, University of Michigan http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_tp20.html Beychok, Milton R. (1967). Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471-07189-7. LCCN 67019834. Silent Spring, R Carlson, 1962 "Pollution". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. "Chapter 23 – Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste" "Revolutionary CO2 maps zoom in on greenhouse gas sources". Purdue University. April 7, 2008. "Waste Watcher" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-26. Alarm sounds on US population boom. August 31, 2006. The Boston Globe. "China overtakes US as world's biggest CO2 emitter". Guardian.co.uk. June 19, 2007. "Ranking of the world's countries by 2008 per capita fossil-fuel CO2 emission rates.". CDIAC. 2008. "Global Warming Can Be Stopped, World Climate Experts Say". News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2010-08-26. Beychok, Milton R. (January 1987). "A data base for dioxin and furan emissions from refuse incinerators". Atmospheric Environment 21 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(87)902678. environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/globalwarming/pollution-overview/ worldwildlife.org/threats/pollution www.conserve-energy-future.com/PollutionTypes.php www.nmsea.org/Curriculum/Primer/Global_Warming/fossil_fu els_and_global_warming.htm environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment Page 11