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STI trends in OECD countries
Giorgio Sirilli
Research Director
Outline
The OECD
Trends in science, technology and innovation in the OECD countries
Some reference to the Russian Federation
Use of OECD reports:
STI Review,
STI Scoreboard
Country Reviews
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La Muette
Located at La Muette in Paris
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La Muette
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La Muette
La Muette in the times of Louis XV
Montgolfier - 21 November 1783
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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
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The NESTI Group
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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Established in 1961
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of
America.
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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Based in Paris
Founded in 1961
The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European
Economic Co-operation (OEEC), to help administer the Marshall Plan
for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.
Membership
There are currently 34 members of the OECD. The list includes 21 of
the 28 European Union member states, all except Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, and Romania.
The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD
alongside the EU Member States.
Currently in accession talks: Russia, Colombia, Latvia
Likely to open accession talks in 2015: Costa Rica, Lithuania
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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
The OECD’s core values
Objective: Our analyses and recommendations are independent and
evidence-based.
Open: We encourage debate and a shared understanding of critical
global issues.
Bold: We dare to challenge conventional wisdom starting with our own.
Pioneering: We identify and address emerging and long term challenges.
Ethical: Our credibility is built on trust, integrity and transparency.
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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
The mission of the OECD is to promote policies that will improve the
economic and social well-being of people around the world.
The OECD:
-provides a forum in which governments can work together to share
experiences and seek solutions to common problems,
- work with governments to understand what drives economic, social
and environmental change,
- measures productivity and global flows of trade and investment,
- analyses and compare data to predict future trends,
- set international standards on a wide range of things, from
agriculture and tax to the safety of chemicals.
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The OECD role and operation
The OECD acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement
"soft law"—non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to
binding treaties.
In this work, the OECD cooperates with businesses, with trade unions
and with other representatives of civil society.
Collaboration at the OECD regarding taxation, for example, has
fostered the growth of a global web of bilateral tax treaties.
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The structure of OECD: The Directorates
Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development
Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
Development Co-operation Directorate
Directorate for Education
Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry
Economics Department
Environment Directorate
Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate
Statistics Directorate
Trade and Agriculture Directorate
General Secretariat
Executive Directorate
Public Affairs and Communication Directorate
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The structure of the OECD
The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:
- The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by
an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member
countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees)
to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organization.
- The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the
OECD, plus their variety of subsidiary bodies. Committee members are
typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member
governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme
(publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members
then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
- The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General, provides support
to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organized into
Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.
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The OECD budget
The work of the secretariat is financed from the OECD's annual budget,
currently around US$510 million (€342.9 million).
The budget is funded by the member countries based on a formula
related to the size of each member's gross national product.
The largest contributor is the United States, which contributes about
one quarter of the budget, followed by Japan with 16%, Germany with
9% and the UK and France with 7%.
The OECD governing council sets the budget and scope of work on a
two-yearly basis.
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The OECD statistics and publications
Statistics
The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable
statistics on a wide number of subjects.
OECD statistics are available in several forms:
- as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and
country tables,
- as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
-as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the
underlying data).
Books
The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year.
Magazine
OECD Observer
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The OECD: a consensus organisation
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Criticisms to the OECD
The OECD has been criticised by several civil society groups and
developing countries.
The main criticism has been the narrowness of the OECD because of its
limited membership to a select few rich nations.
In 1997–1998 the draft Multilateral Agreement on Investment was
heavily criticized by several non-governmental organisations and
developing countries. Many critics argued that the agreement would
threaten protection of human rights, labor and environmental
standards, and the least developed countries. A particular concern was
that the MAI would result in a 'race to the bottom' among countries
willing to lower their labor and environmental standards to attract
foreign investment.
Also the OECD's actions against competitive tax practices has raised
criticism. The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter
of sovereign entitlement.
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Impact of the OECD
Reputation (a reliable organisation)
Output under-exploited
Language
Economic outlook
PISA
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A broad approach of innovation policy
Universities and
public research
Business
sector
Government
The actors: the knowledge triangle
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A broad approach of innovation policy
Environmental
outcome
Scientific
Skills
discovery
Economic
Growth Social outcome
Technology
Universities and
public research
Innovation
Business
sector
Government
Input/output and outcomes
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Conceptual model
Environmental
outcome
Scientific
Skills
discovery
Economic
Growth Social outcome
Technology
Universities and
public research
Innovation
Business
sector
Government
The context
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Conceptual model
Environmental
outcome
Scientific
Skills
discovery
Economic
Growth Social outcome
Technology
Universities and
public research
Innovation
Business
sector
Government
A friendly guide
through complexity…
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The great challenges
Maintaining jobs and economic growth in open economies requires
greater competitiveness (48 million people unemployed in the OECD)
The transition to a low-carbon economy and the preservation of natural
resources is a major challenge
Ageing will dramatically increase pressure on economic performance,
social and health care, and public finances
Income inequality has increased during the crisis. ICTs offer
opportunities to support inclusive innovation. Education and training
policies will be essential to avoid exclusion.
=> Calling for a “new deal” for innovation
Raises the status of innovation in the policy portfolio, while seeking to
- leverage private funding for innovation and
- increase the impact of public action
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OECD publications in the area of STI
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STI Scoreboard
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Thank you for attention
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The OECD publications? The Holy Bible?
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The use of indicators
A rhetoric device: a plethora of figures and graphs
“In the various studies on productivity and the New Economy
the OECD constantly reminded the reader that the links
between science, technology and productivity have not been
demonstrated”.
“A large series of graphs and figures could persuade the
reader of the seriousness of the study. Although no statistics
could be used to prove the emergence of the New Economy,
graphs and figures nevertheless served the purpose of
empiricism”.
(Godin, 2004)
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The use of indicators
A rhetoric device: a plethora of figures and graphs
The rhetoric of numbers
Policy prescriptions based on shaking statistical evidence
(New Economy)
The “umbrella” concept, slogans, buzzwords, which shape
new ways to arrange old indicators
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R&D in the world
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Mega trends
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Tangible and intangible investment
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Tangible and intangible investment
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Citizens are confident in science and technology, but …
Surveys carried out across a large number of countries indicate that the public has a mainly positive view of the impact
of science and technology on their personal well-being. However, the surveys do find that a significant fraction of the
population has mixed or critical opinions as regards the balance of the beneficial and harmful effects of scientific
research.They also suggest that non-European countries tend to have more positive views of science and technology.
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Citizens are confident in science and technology, but …
Surveys carried out across a large number of countries indicate that the public has a mainly positive view of the impact
of science and technology on their personal well-being. However, the surveys do find that a significant fraction of the
population has mixed or critical opinions as regards the balance of the beneficial and harmful effects of scientific
research.They also suggest that non-European countries tend to have more positive views of science and technology.
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R&D intensity
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Performers of R&D
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R&D by type
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Innovation in the crisis
Annual growth rate of GDP and GERD, OECD, 1993-2013 and projections to 2014 and 2015
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Innovation in the crisis
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Diverging Europe: ambituous targets
National R&D spending targets and gap with current levels of GERD intensity, % of GDP, 2014
Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.
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The restructuring of the public R&D system
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Public research as a % of GDP
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Public budgets are levelling off or receiding
Public R&D budgets (GBAORD), as % of GDP, 2013 compared to 2011
Source: OECD estimates based on OECD MSTI database, June 2014.
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Knowledge-based capital
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Knowledge-based capital
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Innovative firms and modes of innovation
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Colaboration in innovation
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EU Innovation Index: four groups
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EU Regional Innovation Index: heterogeneity
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Public financing of firms
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Role of multinationals in national R%D
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Increasing international collaboration in science
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Scientific production
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International flow of scientific authors
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International flow of scientific authors: the US
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Patents by technology fields
Patents in ICT, health and biotechnologies account for the majority of patent applications
worldwide, although their relative importance has decreased from almost 72% in 2000 to
54% in 2011. Patents in nanotechnologies and the environment in 2000 accounted for about
6% of all patents, show an increase to 10% in 2010
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Patents by technology fields
Patents in ICT, health and biotechnologies account for the majority of patent
applications worldwide, although their relative importance has decreased from
almost 72% in 2000 to 54% in 2011.
Patents in nanotechnologies and the environment in 2000 accounted for about 6%
of all patents, show an increase to 10% in 2010
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Government funding of business R&D
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Basic research in the public sector
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Industry financing of R&D of higher education and PROs
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Hot issues in the Russian Federation
- Reforming and improving the public research system
(including the university research)
- Improving returns and impact of science
- Improving the education system
- Encouraging innovation in firms and supporting
entrepreneurship and SMEs
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Russian federation
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Russian Federation
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Russian Federation
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OECD et al.
Thank you for attention
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