Download Chapter 24 World War II - Saugerties Central School

Chapter 24
World War II
I. Aggression Leads to War
• The conditions for the Great Depression
helped to set the stage for a new world war
• Several nations came to believe that
democratic governments were too weak to
solve problems.
– They turned to dictators in hopes of having their
problems solved.
I. Aggression Leads to War
• The Rise of Dictators
– Soviet Communism
• Josef Stalin had become sole dictator of the Soviet
Union by 1929
– Turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state
• Stalin took brutal measures to control and modernize
industry and agriculture
– Farmers had to give crops, animals, and land to government
run farms
– If anyone was seen as being disloyal they would be killed
I. Aggression Leads to War
• Fascism in Italy
– Benito Mussolini promised to restore order to Italy
I. Aggression Leads to War
– Mussolini was appointed prime minister in
October of 1922
• Italy was turned into a Fascist state
• Ended freedom of the press and banned all political
parties (except his own)
• Critics of him were jailed or murdered
• Schools had children recite the motto “Mussolini is
always right”
I. Aggression Leads to War
• Nazi Germany
– Many Germans were angry with the outcome of
WWI and the punishments they received
I. Aggression Leads to War
• Adolf Hitler
– Created the National Socialist Party (Nazi)
– Hitler and Nazi party believed Germans were a
“master race.”
– Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) was a major part of
Nazi beliefs.
"The American Patriotic Salute," which is considered
"the first known organized flag salute designed for use
in American public schools." In the salute "students
touched first their foreheads, then their hearts,
reciting together 'We give our Heads! -- and our
Hearts! -- to God! and our Country!' Then... with their
right arms outstretched and slightly elevated, palm
down, in the direction of the flag, they completed the
salute: 'One Country! One Language! One Flag!'
Aggression Leads to War
• Hitler gained popularity during the Great
Depression and became chancellor (leader of
German parliament) in 1933
– He quickly created a totalitarian state and
outlawed all political parties (except Nazi party)
– Jews were also banned from public schools and
from certain professions
Aggression Leads to War
• Military Aggression
– Germany, Italy, and Japan had policies of
aggression
Aggression Leads to War
• Militarism in Japan
– The Great Depression ruined democratic rule in
Japan as well
– Military leaders took control of Japan by 1936 and
started to expand (imperialism)
Aggression Leads to War
• Japan attacked and took over parts of China
through the 1930s
• Italy attacked and conquered Ethiopia
Aggression Leads to War
• German Aggression
– Hitler wanted an empire that united all Germanspeaking people
– He began to rebuild German military
– Germany sent troops and occupied Austria and
part of the Rhineland
– European democracies did nothing to stop Hitler
(appeasement)
Answer These Questions
• Why were countries getting rid of their
democratic governments leading up to WWII?
• What type of governments were replacing
democratic governments?
• Who were the dictators of the Soviet Union,
Germany, and Italy?
Aggression Leads to War
• Munich Pact
– Hitler wanted part of Czechoslovakia
– France and Britain wanted to appease Hitler by
allowing him to have the piece of Czechoslovakia
and be able to avoid war.
Aggression Leads to War
• War Begins in Europe
– Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Pact signed between Hitler and Stalin that promised
neither country would attack the other.
– September 1, 1939 Nazi German invades Poland
• Two days after the invasion Britain and France declare
war on Germany
Aggression Leads to War
• Germany was unstoppable in the early days of
the war
– In April and May of 1940 they conquered
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•
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Netherlands
Luxembourg
Belgium
Denmark
Norway
Aggression Leads to War
• Germany invaded France in May of 1940
– British and French troops tried to resist the assault
but were overpowered
– British sent every available ship and boat across
the English Channel to rescue the trapped soldiers
– June 22, 1940 France surrendered to Hitler
Aggression Leads to War
• Battle of Britain
– Winston Churchill expressed hope in Britain being
able to fend off German advancements
– Hitler ordered an air assault on Britain
– Britain was able to defend against all air attacks
and force Hitler to give up on his plan to invade.
Aggression Leads to War
• Invasion of the Soviet Union
– June 22, 1941, Hitler broke pact with Stalin and
invade the Soviet Union
– Soviet Union and Britain joined forces to defeat a
common enemy.
The United States at War
• America remained neutral in the beginning of
the war
• However, Roosevelt sided with Britain and the
other Allies (France and Soviet Union)
The United States at War
• Lend Lease Act
– Britain was poor and could not afford to buy
supplies from the U.S.
– Roosevelt did not want Britain to fall to Hitler
– Lend Lease allowed for U.S. to lend or lease
supplies to Britain
The United States at War
• U.S. started to build up their military in 1940
to try to prepare in case the U.S. would be
drawn into the war.
– FDR created the first African American Army Air
Corps in 1940 known as the Tuskegee Airmen
The United States at War
• Pearl Harbor
– December 7, 1941, Japanese Bombers launched a
surprise attack on the American naval, air, and
ground forces at Pearl Harbor.
• Half of the military aircrafts and 8 battleships were
damaged (two beyond repair)
• 2,400 Americans were killed
– December 8, 1941 the U.S. declared war on Japan
and within 3 days were at war with Germany and
Italy
A Global Conflict
• WWII was a Total War
• Axis powers : Germany, Italy, Japan
• Allied Powers: Britain, France, Soviet Union,
United States
• Soviets resist
– Stalingrad
Japan Sweeps Through the Pacific
• Following Pearl Harbor, Japan was able to
conquer much of the Pacific
• U.S. managed to turn the tide during the
battle of Midway
– Japan lost 4 aircraft carriers, 322 planes, and many
highly trained pilots
The War at Home
• The United States needed to build its armed
forces, and resources for the war
– More than 15 million Americans would serve in
the armed forces during WWII
• This included hundreds of thousands of woman
(noncombat)
The War at Home
• Factories reopened and started to create
military goods
• The war quickly ended the Great Depression
• Every American was expected to play a role in
winning the war
– Buying war bonds, planting victory gardens,
rationing food (coffee, sugar, meat) shoes,
gasoline, tires, and other goods
The War at Home
• Millions of women started working to support
the war
– Jobs in the factory, welded in shipyards, ran
cranes, became police officers
Japanese Internment
• Many Americans feared that Japanese
Americans were spies
• Led to President Roosevelt to issue Executive
Order 9066 in February of 1942
– 110,000 Japanese were put into internment
camps for the duration of the war
Toward Victory
• Victory in Europe
– Italy Surrendered to Allied Forces in September of
1943
• King of Italy dismissed Mussolini from office and the
new government surrendered
Toward Victory
• D-Day
– June 6, 1944
– Allied forces crossed the English Channel and
invaded five beaches at Normandy (France)
Toward Victory
• Allied forces were able to quickly take four of
the beaches
• Americans were met with fierce defense on
Omaha Beach
– 2,500 American soldiers were killed
• D-Day was successful
– August of 1944, Allied troops pushed Germany
out of France
Toward Victory
• Battle of the Bulge
– Germans tried to counterattack in Belgium in
December, 1944
– Allied forces were able to fend off the attack
– Battle showed that Germany was weakening
• Low on fuel, men, and other critical supplies
– 20,876 Allied soldiers were killed, while another
42,893 were wounded and 23,554 captured/missing.
German losses numbered 15,652 killed, 41,600
wounded, and 27,582 captured/missing.
Toward Victory
• April 12, 1945 President Franklin Roosevelt
dies from a stroke
• Harry S. Truman becomes president
Toward Victory
• Victory in Europe
– April 30, 1945 Hitler committed suicide
– May 8, 1945 Germany’s armed forces surrendered
Toward Victory
• Victory in the Pacific
– Island Hopping
Toward Victory
• Japan was losing the war but refused to
surrender
– Iwo Jima---Only 1 percent of Japanese armed
forces surrender
– Okinawa (April-June 1945) ----Japanese soldiers
jumped off cliffs rather than surrender or be
captured
• Battle of Okinawa
– 287,000 US Troops
• 65,000 Casualties (14,000 Deaths)
– 130,000 Japanese Troops
• 77,000 Deaths
Toward Victory
• The Atomic Bomb
– President Harry Truman had his military advisors
draw plans to invade Japan for the autumn of
1945
• An invasion would have cost about 500,000 American
lives
– In July of 1945 in the New Mexico desert the
atomic bomb was successfully tested
• One bomb could destroy an entire city
Toward Victory
• On August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped
on Hiroshima
– More than 130,000 died instantly
– Japan refused to surrender
• On August 9, 1945 a second bomb was dropped
on Nagasaki
– 35,000 people died instantly
• August 14,1945 the emperor of Japan
surrendered ending WWII
Toward Victory
• WWII was the bloodiest war in history
– 60 million lives were lost
COUNTRY
CASUALTIES
Soviet Union
23,954,000
China
15,000,000
Germany
7,728,000
Poland
5,720,000
Japan
2,700,000
India
2,087,000
Yugoslavia
1,027,000
Rumania
833,000
Hungary
580,000
France
567,600
Greece
560,000
Italy
456,000
Great Britain
449,800
United States
418,500
Czechoslovakia
345,000
Netherlands
301,000
Austria
123,700
Finland
97,000
Belgium
86,100
Canada
45,300
Australia
40,500
Bulgaria
25,000
New Zealand
11,900
South Africa
11,900
Norway
9,500
Spain
4,500
Denmark
3,200
The Holocaust
• Hitler attempted to kill all the Jews (Genocide)
in what he called the “final solution to the
Jewish Problem”
• 6 million Jews were murdered by Nazis
• Nazis also murdered millions of Poles, Slavs,
Gypsies, communists, and people with
physical or mental disabilities.
The Holocaust
• Death Camps
– The Nazis developed an efficient system of mass
murder
– Millions of men, women, and children were
transported to death camps in railway cattle cars
– Hundreds were killed at a time in gas chambers
– Some were subjected to torture or medical
experiments.
Extermination Camp
Estimate of number killed
Auschwitz-Birkenau
1 million
Treblinka
870,000
Belzec
600,000
Majdanek
79,000 – 235,000
Chełmno
320,000
Sobibor
250,000
The Holocaust
• War Crimes Trials
– For the first time in history victors in a war
prosecuted leaders of the losing side for war
crimes
– Nuremberg trials
• Prominent Nazis were tried for war crimes
• 12 defendants were sentenced to death by hanging in
1946