Download environmental science: concepts and connections

Developed by Jane Heinze-Fry with assistance from G. Tyler Miller, Jr.
(For assistance in creating your own concept maps, see the website for this book.)
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: CONCEPTS AND CONNECTIONS
studies interrelationships of
Ecosystems
Human Systems
consist of
Matter
Cycling
undergo
Energy
Flow
between
consist of
Nonliving
(Abiotic)
Populations
Living
(Biotic)
includes
consist of
guide
Economics/Politics
includes
influence
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Physical Factors
Chemical Factors
Organisms
through
Population Dynamics
Succession
Evolution
Sunlight
Moderately Positive Connections
Worldviews
Change
primarily
from
Negative Connections
Strongly Positive Connections
develop
through
differing
meet needs and wants through
function through
Communities
Connections strongly influencing
environmental quality
interact with
provide
Societies
consist of
affect development of
Resources
may be
may be
include
made of
Unsustainable
Matter
Resources
Energy
Resources
may be
may be
Renewable
direct sun
wind
biomass
flowing water
Living
Nonliving
are
may be
consist of
Potentially
Renewable
Nonrenewable
Minerals
Land Systems
deserts
grasslands
forests
includes
includes
Air
Water
Soil
Populations
(size, density)
may
may
Nonrenewable
fossil fuel
nuclear
Exceed
carrying capacity
Aquatic Systems
oceans
lakes
streams
wetlands
negatively affect
primarily
determined
by
include
Crops
Livestock
Fish
Ecosystem Services
nutrient cycling
pest control
waste purification
genetic material
affect
quality
of
Stabilize
Decline
positively affect
Environment/
Human Health
provide
Food
Resources
Sustainable
affected by
strategies of
Biodiversity
genes
species
ecosystems
can sustain
Ecosystem Use
can decrease
Resource Use
includes
Polluting
includes
includes
depend on
depletes
Degradation
Climate
Management
Preservation
Throwaway
Waste
Management
Waste
Reduction
Pest Control
Air
Water
Soil
Chemical
(pesticides)
Pollution
Control
Pollution
Prevention
leading to
may be
Biological
Doing
Nothing
Loss of
Biodiversity
affects
Climate
Change
Stratospheric
Ozone Depletion
Unacceptable
Health Risk
Worldviews
guide
Economics/
Politics
generally seek
economic
growth
influence
often measured in
environmental
costs
GNP per
capita
higher in
unsustainable
widening
gap
developing
countries
more
less
through
positively affect
resource
use
nonrenewables
unwanted
by-products
persistence
may be
point
nonpoint
Map 1. Overview
slowly
degradable
nondegradable
may
may
degrade
natural capital
preserve
natural capital
extended through
treatment
may be
biodegradable
potential
renewables
may be
generally undergo
vary in
concentration
ecosystem
use
of
consists of
chemical
nature
stabilization,
decline
negatively affect
pollution
sources
may
undergo
Environment
doubling
time
results in
from
sustainable
place demands on
accelerates
especially in
industrialization,
resource/
energy use
Populations
exponential
growth
carrying
capacity
may be
made of
may
undergo
may
exceed
lower in
developed
countries
more
consumption
per capita
effects on
Societies
may be
does not
reflect
reuse,
recycling
economically
depleted
may be
cleanup
prevention
exceed
sustainable
yield
be less
than or equal to
sustainable
yield
result in
result in
attempts to discover
order in nature through
Science
advances by
collecting
formulating
scientific
hypotheses,
theories, laws
data
includes
models
include
inputs
throughputs
outputs
explain
powered by
established
by
statistical
probabilities,
not certainties
Environmental
Science
debate,
speculation,
consensus
studies interactions in
Ecosystems
composed of
energy
matter
use leads to
characterized by
characterized by
societies
form
quality
change
form
quality
change
may be
may be
may be
high quality
concentrated
useful
high
concentrated
accessible
sustainable,
low-Waste
temporarily
sustainable,
matterRecycling
may be
low
dispersed
hard to get
elements,
compounds,
mixtures
nuclear
physical
smallest unit is
but
nuclear
energy; stored
in nucleus
cannot be
created or
destroyed
atom
always
decreases
in quality
made of
electrons
nucleus
moving
matter
contains
can be
protons
ionizing
(high-energy)
may be
may be
chemical
energy; food,
gasoline
electromagnetic
radiation
unsustainable,
throw-away
one form
to another
includes
includes
heat
from
low quality,
dispersed, not
very useful
potential
energy
kinetic
energy
combinations of
nonionizing
(low-energy)
neutrons
determine
isotopes
Map 2a. Science, Matter, and Energy Resources
fission
fusion
chemical
Earth
consists of
Ecosphere
Atmosphere
(air)
Hydrosphere
(water)
Ecosystems
consists of
nonliving (abiotic)
factors
one-way
energy flow
in
matter
recycling
gravitational
attraction
communitites
chemical
factors
through
made of
populations
of
such as
such as
operate through
living (biotic)
factors
interact with
include
physical
factors
Lithosphere
(crust and upper
mantle)
made up of
water supply
water salinity
plant nutrients
temperature
species
physical/chemical
role
made of
carbon cycle
nitrogen cycle
phosphorus cycle
water cycle
give off
connect
multipule
heat
(low-quality
energy)
food niche
range of tolerance
may be
to
nonliving
limiting
factors
producer
(autotroph)
consumer
(heterotroph)
may obtain
energy from
can limit
returns
to
may be
decomposer
photosynthesis
chemosynthesis
may return matter to
Map 2b. How Ecosystems Work
food chains
biological role
includes
existence
growth
abundance
distribution
food webs
fill a
includes
may
act
as
sun
(high-quality
energy)
to
such as
niche
provides
energy
for
pyramid
of energy
flow
from
nutrient
(biogeochemical
cycles)
of
sunlight
expressed in
herbivore
carnivore
omnivore
detritus
feeder
Living
Systems
may be
Land (Biomes)
Water
divided by salinity into
generally
defined by
salt water
fresh water
climate
may be
includes
in
affect
quality of
level is
deserts
tropical
temperate
cold
divided by
penetration
of light into
estuaries
forests
barrier islands;
wetlands;
beaches
(rocky shore, barrier)
grasslands
divided by
temperature
into
includes
moderate to high in
moderate in
coral
reefs
abyssal
euphotic
tropical
(savannah);
temperate;
polar (tundra)
divided by
temperature
into
tropical
(rain, deciduous);
temperate deciduous;
evergreen coniferous
important for
food production
are
are
fragile
Map 3a. Ecosystem Types
noted
for
photosynthetic
productivity
zones
classified
by nutrient
supply as
include
oligotrophic;
mesotrophic;
eutrophic
may
have
chemosynthetic
productivity
streams
undergo
divided by
penetration
turnovers
of light into
year-round;
seasonal
zones
in
lakes
may be
bathyal
divided by
temperature
into
inland
wetlands
open
ocean
coastal
precipitation
low in
moving
still
primarily
defined by
from
include
thermoclines
littoral;
limnetic;
profundal;
benthic
Populations
can change by
population
dynamics
biological
evolution
including
size
dispersion
density
checked by
carrying
capacity
determined by
abiotic
factors
species
relationships
through
age
structure
natural
selection
on
genetic
variations
chemical
evolution
may cause
prompts
extinction
adaptation
sometimes
resulting in
speciation
Map 3b. Population Dynamics and Evolution
emerged
from
Environmental
Stress
may be characterized by
community
interactions
may be
species interactions
may be
include
time delays
synergistic
interactions
gradual
catastrophic
naturally
caused
can affect
humancaused
usually leads to
in contrast to
Communities
vary in
simplified
ecosystems
which
can change by
number of
species
are
vulnerable
succession
can lead
to a
may be
more complex
community
primary
on
barren
habitat
secondary
on
disturbed
habitat
predicted by
theory of island
biogeography
Map 4. Community Interactions, Species Interactions, and Succession
require
protection
competition
predation
mutualism
commercialism
parasitism
Human
Population
may be
may be
Sustainable
Unsustainable
by
by
can be
characterized
by
resource
conservation
pollution
prevention and
reduction
waste
prevention
affects
Total
Size
resource
depletion and
degradation
careful
planning
control
Age
Structure
affects
affects
Growth Rate
Distribution
resource
consumption
affects
leads to
rapid growth
even
distibution
leads to
slow growth
zero growth
affects
wealth
wealth
distibution
environmental
quality
death rate
low
percentage
leads to
is
increasingly
may be
affects
moderate
percentage
stress
depends on
differs in percentage under age 11;
may be
large
percentage
waste
production
pollution
birth rate
affected by
migration
dispersal
affected by
urban
may be
leads to
fertility
rate
(children per
women)
population
decline
nutrition;
infant mortality;
public health
care
concentrated
affected
by
affected by
land
availability
transport
system
relies
mostly on
economic factors
including
child labor
cost of child rearing
pension plans
Map 5. Human Population
social factors
including
women’s education
women’s employment
marriage age
religious beliefs
urbanization
biological factors
including
infant mortality rate
birth control methods
controls
including
migration policy
economic development
family planning
cars
mass
transit
walking
cycling
Human
Energy Demands
are met in the short term
primarily through
meet
in the long run will be met by
Nonrenewable
Energy Resources
Needs
can be reduced
through improved
Renewable
Energy Resources
Energy
Efficiency
for
in
include
industry
transportation
buildings
electricity
heat
has
both
solar-based
resources
advantages
may be used
including
stretches fossil fuels;
reduces oil imports; lessens military
intervention; reduces pollution and
environmental degradation; saves
money; provides jobs; improves
competitiveness
Earth’s heat
directly
can heat
through
indirectly
geothermal
can produce
electricity through
includes
through
passive
solar systems
active
solar systems
photovoltaic
cells
biomass
wind
through
hydrogen
can be burned
very cleanly in
such as
heat
differential
wood; wood
wastes; farm wastes;
urban wastes; biofuels
(liquid and gas)
in
in
tropical
oceans (OTEC)
hydropower
tidal power
wave power
solar
ponds
may be
saline
Map 6a. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
dry steam;
wet steam; hot
water; molten rock;
hot rock
collected and
concentrated
heat
water
motion
space heating
(low)
is
freshwater
vehicles
furnaces
produced by
decomposing
water
industrial
heating (high)
fuels
Human
Energy Demands
are met in the short run primarily through
Nonrenewable
Energy Resources
time scale can be extended through
Energy
Efficiency
include
Fossil
Fuels
Nuclear
includes splitting
atomic nuclei through
such as
natural
gas
oil
may be
may be
coal
includes combining
nuclei through
fission
fusion
has
may be
may be
includes
is
in early
conventional
unconventional
unconventional
conventional
has
conventional
breeder
development
such as
may be
limited by
is
oil
shale
has
tar
sands
is
in
development
supply
moderately
abundant
environmental
impact
fairly
clean-burning
large
supply
doesn’t emit air
pollutants; releases less
CO2 than fossil fuels;
has multiple safety
features
environmental
impacts
including
pollution
primarily
from
carbon dioxide
emissions
land
disruption
of
air
from
water
Map 6b. Nonrenewable Energy Resources
advantages
including
have
possible
climate change
high
environmental
impact
mining
transport
expensive
disadvantages
including
safety
concerns (accidents);
radioactive wastes; retirement
of old plants; aiding spread of
nuclear weapons; high cost
(even with subsidies)
very
expensive
Biodiversity:
Ecosystems
are important because they have
undergo
Value
Management
have many
may be
by providing
Forms
biodiversity
ecological services
resources
recreation
Forests
Rangelands
can be
old growth
(very diverse)
second growth
(moderately
diverse)
tree farms
(simplified)
degraded
by
resource
extraction
for
profits
via
cash crops;
cattle ranching;
logging; mining;
oil/coal; dams
survival
fewer
roads (less fragments);
prescribed burning; selective
cutting; restricting cutting rate;
tree planting/restoration;
recycling paper
influenced by
Map 7. Biodiversity: Ecosystems
economics:
full-cost pricing;
removing harmful subsidies;
debt-for-nature swaps;
conservation easements
can be
can be
used
sustainably
lost/
degraded
reduced grazing;
protecting riparian
zones; restoring
degraded land
influenced
by
economics:
full-cost pricing;
removing harmful
subsidies
policies:
protect old growth;
protect large areas for
indigenous people
degraded
used
sustainably
by
by
overuse;
being too small;
poaching
overgrazing
from
population growth;
poverty; foreign debt;
unsustainable small-scale
farming; cutting for
fuelwood
used
sustainably
protected
Rivers
by
by
by
insects/
pathogens
(natural, humanintroduced)
can be
used
sustainably
used
sustainably
Wilderness
by
used
sustainably
degraded
Parks
can be
can be
fire
(natural, humancaused)
degraded
including
increasing
size and number; selective
resource extraction by local
people; restricting commercial
activities inside boundaries;
controlling visitor numbers;
integrated management with
surrounding areas
dams
pollution
by
restricting
use; protecting
larger areas; including
all ecosystem types;
biosphere reserves
by
land use
control; pollution
control; protecting
vulnerable segments
or entire rivers
Biodiversity:
Wild Species
are important
because they have
can be protected and
sustained by several
are being
Value
Strategies
Depleted/
Lost
including
economic
medical
scientific
knowledge
ecological
services
including
poverty
reduction
population
control
ethical
wildlife
management
legislative
strategies
through
such as
about
includes
crop strains;
paper; fiber; dyes;
lumber; oils
testing
for
toxicity
of
by
have an
inherent
right to exist
life
drug source
such as
nutrient cycling;
pollination; soil fertility;
oxygen production; climate
moderation; waste recycling;
detoxification; pest control;
gene pool/evolution
drugs,
vaccines
protection and
improvement
human
actions
regulation
laws
natural
processes
such as
of
of
fishery
commissions
including
population growth;
poverty; habitat loss;
habitat fragmentation;
hunting/poaching; use as
pets/decorations; climate
change; pollution;
introduced species
fisheries
genetic
diversity
habitat
by
land use control;
pollution control and
reduction; protecting spawning
areas; hatcheries; control
species introduction; protect
coastal ecosystems; protect
inland wetlands
sport
hunting
fishing
by
controlling
by
gene banks
botanical gardens
zoos
Map 8. Biodiversity: Wild Species
including
by
vegetative
manipulation;
habitat improvement;
ecosystem protection/
restoration; wildlife
refuges
numbers;
sex; age;
seasons
by
controlling
harvest;
size; length;
age
treaties
Soil
consists of
can undergo
Layers
Erosion
can lead to
include
by
inorganic
matter
humus
in
such as
includes
topsoil
(A)
subsoil
(B)
parent
material
(C)
excessive
rain
such as
fire
farming
structure
(clumped)
overgrazing
can minimize
damage
through
quality
determined
by
porasity
erosion
control
methods
acidity
(pH)
construction
excessive
irrigation
also
leading to
which can
lend to
desertification
salinization
waterlogging
including
plowing
methods
include
low-tillage;
terracing;
contour
farming
planting
methods
adding
nutrients
land use
control
as
include
countour
planting;
alley cropping;
windbreaks
inorganic
fertilizer
organic
fertilizer
including
animal
manure
Map 9a. Soil
flooding
(sediment
buildup)
water
pollution
(sediment)
human
processes
natural
processes
lower
layers
includes
texture
(mix of particle
types)
loss
of soil
nutrients
from
in
upper
layers
litter
(O)
wind
water
green
manure
compost
Human
Food Needs
if not met can cause
can be met by
Lowering
Food Demand
Health
Problems
Increasing
Food Supply
including
by reducing
influenced by
malnutrition
undernutrition
population
growth
by
overnutrition
economic
strategies
missing
key
nutrients
predominates
in
developing
countries
not
enough
developed
countries
calories
making people
Agricultural
Systems
chronic
disorders
industrial
soil erosion;
water pollution; salinization;
waterlogging; groundwater depletion;
loss of genetic diversity;
high energy prices
traditional
using
combination
of
irrigation water
inorganic fertilizer
pesticides
fossil fuel energy
can be
limited by
giving land to poor
government subsidies
food aid
Aquatic
Systems
including
mixed
industrial/
traditional
using high
inputs of
including
in
can result in
diseaseprone
Map 9b. Food Resources
improving yields;
harvesting more area;
using new food
sources
predominates
in
too
many
using
rainfall
organic fertilizer
natural pest control
human labor
can be
limited by
can be
limited by
too little rain;
flooding; soil erosion;
poverty (lack of land)
including
sustainable
natural
ecosystems
aquaculture
using
may be
limited by
soil and water
conservation; organic fertilizer;
integrated pest management;
renewable biological and
energy resources
overfishing
can be
limited by
political
opposition
pollution
may be
limited by
Pest
Control
may use
Pesticides
may be
broad
spectrum
selective
Alternatives
have
advantages
including
disadvantages
including
save lives;
increase food supply;
lower food costs; raise
profits; work fast;
low risk
including
genetic resistance;
kill nontarget species;
eventual high costs;
threaten wildlife; threat
to human health
Map 9c. Pest Control
cultivation practices;
natural pest enemies;
biopesticides; birth control
(sterilization); sex attractants;
insect hormones; radiating food;
integrated pest management
limited by
political
opposition
Risk
from
can undergo
Hazards
Analysis
includes
include
risk
assessment
risk
management
involves
cultural
chemical
may be
include
living,
working
conditions
physical
toxic
can be
ameliorated by
evaluated by
may be
transmissible
toxicology
comparing
public and professional
perception of risk;
communicating
risk to legislator
and public
identification
evaluation
dominate in
includes
epidemiology
by
determining
dose-response
curve
involves
nontransmissible
dominate in
prudent diet
no smoking
safe sex
exercise
sun protection
evaluating
risk assessment;
setting priorities;
communicating
decisions
cause
disease
ionizing radiation
noise
fire
flood
earthquakes
volcanic eruptions
involves
biological
include
carcinogens
mutagens
teratogens
hazardous
risk perception
and communication
developing
countries
by carrying
out
health
surveys
occurrence
probability
how many
people
calculation of
prevented by
Map 10. Hazards and Risk
developed
countries
system
reliability
level of
harm
risk-benefit
analysis
Climate
is primarily determined by
plays a signifacant role in
determines types of
Temperature
Precipitation
undergoes
Climate
Change
Biomes
including
and is
influenced by
interactions
of
forests
grasslands
naturally
occurs
over
deserts
geologic
time changes
during
sun
earth’s tilt
and rotation
atmosphere
ocean
land
biosphere
both
currents
gas
absorption
such as
carbon
dioxide
interacts with
greenhouse
effect
Map 11a. Climate
glacial periods
(100,000 years)
interglacial
periods
(10,000 years)
Atmospheric
Problems
(Map 11b)
strongly
influenced
by
such
as
Atmospheric
Problems
include
Stratospheric
Ozone
Depletion
Climate
Change
can cause
strongly influenced by
Greenhouse
Effect
increased skin cancer;
decreased phytoplankton;
reduced crop yields;
damage to materials
affected by
primarily from
may affect
water
primarily
from
human
choices
can act on issue by
carbon
dioxide
contributing
doing
nothing
nitrogen
dioxide
methane
sea
levels
food
wildlife
rise
human
health
forests
probable
likely
through
causing
habitat
loss
hurt from
diebacks
lower diversity
doing
nothing
possible
productive
land shifts
fossil fuel
combustion
from
through
prevention
agriculture
refrigeration
plastic foams
solvents
bans
by
international
agreements;
national laws
control
full-cost pricing;
reduce fossil fuel use;
shift to renewable energy;
reduce deforestation;
sustainable agriculture;
slow population growth
Map 11b. Climate Change and Ozone Depletion
deforestation
can act on
issue by
including
carbon dioxide
fertilization
chlorofluorocarbons
from
food and
water loss; tropical
diseases; more
storms
large
uncertainties
droughts
ozone
reducing
ozone-depleting
chemicals
including
remove CO2 from
emissions; planting
and tending trees
substitutes
Air
found in
Atmosphere
mostly in
Troposphere
Stratosphere
can be
contaminated by
contains
Air Pollution
ozone layer
(UV filter)
may be
outdoor
indoor
can be reduced by
types
has
includes
sources
include
consequences
may be
primary
can be
reduced by
prevention
secondary
includes
PANs
nitric acid
aldehydes
ozone
mobile
include
power plants
factories
most
severe
with
include
banning harmful
substances; finding
substitutes
cars
trucks
health
photochemical
smog
of
nitrogen oxides
sulfur oxides
humans
other animals
plants
can change to acids
and contribute to
acid
deposition
Map 11c. Air and Air Pollution
materials
resulting
from
local climate;
topography; urban
concentration
(people, cars,
industries)
radon-222
from
smoke
from
building
materials;
decorating
materials
from
fire prevention
materials
ground
cigarettes
consequences
primarily
on
humans
open fires,
stoves
primarily in
developed
countries
prevention
asbestos
from
done by
building codes;
setting standards;
venting; bringing
in fresh air
thermal
inversions
can contribute to
carbon
oxides; volatile
organic compounds;
suspended particles;
toxic compounds
formaldehyde
done by
stationary
includes
control
primarily in
on
developing
countries
control
done by
banning harmful
emissions; redesigning cars
and manufacturing; improving
energy efficiency; switching to
renewable energy; slowing
population growth;
full-cost pricing
done by
enacting pollution
standards; developing
control technology;
emissions trading
worker
productivity
Water
has
including
hydrogen bonding
liquidity
good solvent
surface tension
expansion when
frozen
can be
available as
unique
properties
Polluted
(Map 12b)
Water
Resources
determined by
Human
Systems
Hydrologic
Cycle
controls
water
distribution
water
purification
through
solid
ice
land
include
are
climate
population
growth
by
decreasing
change
too much
(flood)
topography
increasing
supply
demand
including
surface
water
irrigation;
industry;
domestic/
municipal
managed
pollution
may undergo
may provide
found as
ground
water
water
needs
are
affected by
affected by
gaseous
water
vapor
liquid
water
have
may influence
too little
(drought)
primarily by
by increasing
soil type
and cover
efficiency
water
transfer
dams
through
technology
such as
drip
irrigation
can overload capacity for
economics
such as
removing water
subsidies; raising
prices
tap
tap
Map 12a. Water
politics
such as
distribution
of water-saving
devices; building
codes
wells
desalination
Water
available as
Water Resources
(Map 12a)
can be
Polluted
from a variety of
can affect all
Aquatic
Ecosystems
Sources
vary in
including
number
of discharge
points
type
may be
may be
diseasecausing
agents
chemicals
streams
heat
such as
point
sources
(single
discharge)
which
respond to
nonpoint
sources
(multiple
discharges)
especially
vulnerable in
oxygen-demanding
wastes and heat
can
be
affected
by
by
such as
such as
oxygen-demanding wastes;
acids; salts; plant nutrients;
toxics; sediment from land
cropland;
logged forests;
urban areas;
atmosphere
factories;
sewage treatment
plants; ships
recovery
can be reduced by
enhance
prevention
includes
eutrophication
includes
setting
standards
technology
includes
treatment plants;
septic tanks; wetlands
(natural and artificial);
holding ponds
Map 12b. Water Pollution
banning harmful
discharges; finding
substitutes; recycling and
reusing harmful
chemicals
full-cost
pricing; slowing
population growth
coastal
areas
from
industrial waste;
sewage sludge;
land runoff
overload
excess plant
nutrients
can be reduced by
control
oceans
lakes
reduced fertilizer and
pesticide use; sustainable
agriculture; planting buffer zones;
land use controls; reduced air
pollution; more trees; improved
soil erosion controls
toxics
groundwater
especially
vulnerable to
fertilizers;
pesticides
extremely
difficult and
costly
cleanup
Wastes
can be
Solid
Hazardous
can be
such as
toxic
carcinogenic
mutagenic
teratogenic
unwanted/
discarded
materials
from
mining; oil
and gas production;
agriculture; industry
(scrap metal, plastics,
paper, fly ash,
sludge)
municipalities
includes
can be
managed
through
reuse
such as
less
packaging
such as
refilling
beverage
bottles
Map 13. Wastes
throwaway
(high waste)
recycle
such as
composting;
reprocessing
aluminum and
glass
incineration
waste
prevention and
reduction
(low waste)
conversion
to less
harmful
substances
burial
including
by
by
producing less wastes;
modifying manufacturing
processes; reuse;
recycling
landfills; underground
injection; surface piles;
surface impoundments
land treatment
incineration
biological treatment
includes
by
reduce
glass; metal;
tires; paper; plastic;
yard wastes
waste
management
(moderate waste)
corrosive
can be
managed
through
originating
primarily
from
waste
prevention
and reduction
(low waste)
highly
reactive
flammable
burial
(landfills)
throwaway
(high waste)
Human
Societies
are shaped by
Worldviews
help determine
Economic
Systems
try to satisfy
Political
Systems
are responsible for
needs
wants
production
of
requires
increased by
including elimination of
poverty
goods
economic
resources
economic
growth
services
from
linked to
include
generally measured by
environmental
degradation
hides
most
carefully
evaluated
in a
GNP
per capita
external, social
and environmental
costs
population growth;
higher consumption
per capita
regulation; subsidies;
tradable rights;
green taxes; user fees;
cost-benefit analyses
reducing
poverty
trickle-down aid;
massive aid; debt relief;
sustainable development;
better land distribution;
increased human rights;
eliminating trade
barriers
Map 14a. Economics
capital
includes
sustainableEarth economy
takes into account
moves toward
can be reduced by
natural
resources
full-cost
pricing
by
encouraging earthsustaining growth; discouraging
earth-degrading economic growth;
using economic indicators that
include environmental quality;
emphasizing pollution prevention
and waste reduction
manufactured
controlling
human
Democracy
generally run by
can be influenced by
designed for
Power
Groups
Gradual
Change
Individuals
implemented through
checks and balances
between
Federal
Government
respond to
special
interest
groups
e.g.
Earth Summit
at Rio
local
governments
of
nonprofit
such as
such as
executive
legislative
to
judiciary
to
may be
antienvironment
such as
supported
primarily by
grassroots
wise-use movement
Map 14b. Politics
proenvironment
consumer
power
pass laws
influence
interpret
laws
economics
influence
environmental
groups
some
votes
education
lobbying
challenge
system
cross link to
implement
laws
implemented by
corporations
developers
may
work within
system
law suits
to
system
through
through
include
profit
example
influenced by
Government
Branches
foreign
governments
interaction with
State
Governments
among
interacts with
who lead by
via
government
regulatory
agencies
appropriations
funds
executive
and legislative
oversight
citizen
watchdog
input
Environmental
Worldviews
include various visions of
Life-Centered/
Earth-Centered
Views
Human-Centered
Views
based on
based on
Planetary
Management
Earth Wisdom
assumes
human
dominance
over other
species
no limits
on resources
assumes
all
economic
growth is
good
success
depends on our
ability to control
and manage
earth
humans
one Strand on
web of life
economic
growth can be
good or bad
healthy
environment
successful
cooperation
with nations and
one another
depends on
can lead to
is prerequisite to
variations
include
resources
are limited and
not to be
wasted
healthy
environment
sustainable
living
based on
earth
education
earth ethics
“no problem”
school
free-market
economy
responsible
planetary
management
stewardship
knowledge of
includes
content
belief in
belief in
belief in
belief in
respect
for life
conservation
of earth capital
processes
working
with nature
how to
of
technological
fix
caring and
responsible
management of
earth garden
minimal
government
interference
ecosystems
mixture of
free market and
regulation of
manageable
spaceship earth
Map 14c. Worldviews
live simply,
sustainably
including
species
avoid
traps
emphasize
individual
action
such as
human
cultures
worldviews, or
ecological literacy:
how earth works,
connections in
nature
pessimism;
technological optimism;
paralysis by analysis;
fatalism; extrapolation to
infinity; faith in simple,
easy answers