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Chapter 7b Heterotrophic Nutrition These are organisms that can not make their own food Therefore they have to obtain it from the environment Ingestion Digestion Egestion Heterotrophic Nutrition • Organisms are unable to convert inorganic materials into organic nutrients Carry out – Mechanical Digestion: physically broken down , • the increase in surface area of food by physically grinding and cutting food into smaller pieces – Ex: chewing food with teeth – Chemical Digestion: (hydrolysis)broken down chemically using Enzymes and water • Occurs in stages and leads to FINAL END PRODUCTS • Can Occur: – Extracellular: in most animals by the use of organs – Intracellular: takes place within a cell, vacuoles and lysosomes required Four types of digestion: Mechanical/Physical Digestion: the increase in surface area of food by physically grinding and cutting food into smaller pieces Ex: chewing food with teeth Chemical digestion- Large food molecules are broken down into smaller ones by the use of enzymes (Hydrolysis) Three steps of Digestion 1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Egestion Ingestion The taking in of food into the body Digestion • The process by which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules that can be used by the cells. Egestion • The elimination of undigested food from the body in the form of feces. • Do not confuse with excretion, which is the removal of cellular wastes and not undigested food 5 kingdoms Monera No Nucleus bacteria Protist ameoba Has a Nucleus unicellular paramecium Plant moss, flowers multicellular Trees grass autotrophic Fungi, mushrooms, Heterotrophic Absorb Mold, mildew, YEAST,RHIZOPUS Ingest Animal, Humans, monkeys, whales 5 kingdoms Kingdom: Monera – Most bacteria are heterotrophic. • Digestion is Extracellular Some are: • Saprophytes: obtain nutrients from dead animal and plant material. • Parasites: live ON or IN the organism on which they feed Borrelia Ecoli Streptococci 5 kingdoms Kingdom: Protista ex: Algae, amoeba, paramecium Protista Kingdom Kingdom: Protista Phyla: Algae, Protozoan, Slime mold ex: Algae, amoeba, paramecium, rotifers Kingdom: Protista • Amoeba Protist • Kingdom: __________ Protozoan • Phylum: ___________ Pseudopods • Engulfs food and moves using __________ Intracellular • Carries out __________digestion Chemical • Uses Lysosomes to carry out ________digestion. membrane •Cell ________ is semi permeable. cytoplasmic streaming. • Cyclosis is aka known as __________ Contractile Vacuole push excess water out of • ________ __________ cell. Kingdom: Protista • Phylum: • Amoeba Kingdom: Protista • Phylum: Protozoan • Amoeba Nucleus Food vacuole Plasma membrane ectoplasm Endoplasm Contractile vacuole Pseudopod cytoplasm Phagocytosis: the taking in of solid materials using Pseudopods. • This is an amoeba ingesting a paramecium. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Protozoan Ingestion: Phagocytosis Cyclosis-AKA Cytoplasmic Streaming a type of Intracellular circulation occurring inside a cell, in which there is a streaming motion of the cytoplasm. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Protozoan THE PARAMECIUM Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Protozoan Paramecium feeding on Algae, Kingdom: Protista • • • • Paramecium Protist Kingdom: __________ Protozoan Phylum: ___________ Engulfs food and moves using thousands of Cilia __________ intracellular • Carries out __________digestion chemical • Uses Lysosomes to carry out ________digestion. Membraneis semi permeable. •Cell ________ cytoplasmic streaming. • Cyclosis is aka known as __________ Contractile vacuole • ________ __________ push excess water out of Kingdom: Protista • Phylum:Protozoan • Paramecium Posterior Contractile vacuole trichocyst lysosome Nucleus Anterior Contractile vacuole Cilia cytoplasm Oral groove Forming food vacuole Anal pore gullet mouth Plasma membrane Micro nucleus 5 kingdoms Kingdom:Fungi, Rhizopus *The fungi have often been called the kingdom of __________. *Lack chlorophyll, they cannot carry on photosynthesis. *These organisms are heterotrophs. *They live off of dead and decaying material and are Heterotrophic saprophytes. *Fungi live in or on their food supply. The filamentous body of the bread mold called Rhizoids. The _______ penetrate the food source and secrete __________ enzymes. Since the enzymes are secreted outside of the body of the organism __________ digestion is said to take place. The end products of digestion, Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerols are then absorbed into the bread mold. Kingdom:Fungi • • • • Fungi Kingdom: __________ Rhizopus, Bread Mold extracellular Carries out __________digestion Hydrolytic_________to Enzymes Uses _________ digests its’ food The fungi have often been called the kingdom of __________. Because they lack chlorophyll, they cannot carry on photosynthesis. These organisms are heterotrophs. They live off of dead and decaying material and are Heterotrophic saprophytes. Fungi live in or on their food supply. The filamentous body of the bread mold called Rhizoids. The _______ penetrate the food source and secrete __________ enzymes. Since the enzymes are secreted outside of the body of the organism __________ digestion is said to take place. The end products of digestion, Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerols are then absorbed into the bread mold. Kingdom:Fungi Label the following parts below: • Rhizopus Sporangia Spores Sporangiophore Stolon rhizoid hyphae Sporangia Spores Sporangiophore Stolon rhizoid 5 kingdoms Kingdom: Animalia Figure Vertebrates Invertebrates Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Coelenterata When jellyfish travel at unsafe speeds. Nutrition in Coelenterates, (Cnidarian) • • • • • Animal Kingdom: __________ Phylum: ___________ Coelenterates Hollow bodied organisms. * Coelenterates are known as being ______ Stinging celled organisms. (Cnidaria) *Also called _______ 2 cell layers thick. Each layer is separated *The hydra is _____ by the ________. mesoglea one way digestive tract. • * Have a _______ • * _______ Every cell is in contact with the environment. • * The hydra carries out intracellular ________ digestion and extracellular ________digestion. Summersaults • * Move by _______________. • *Hermaphrodites Common Polyp form exhibited in by the hydra: Tentacle Mouth Nematocyst Bud Hypostome Testes Gastrovascular cavity Ovary) Endodermic cells Mesoglea Ectodermic Cells Basal Disk (Base) Hydra: Cross section Longitudinal Section and Cross Section Hydra Ingesting a Daphnia The Hydra Budding Here you can see a photo of a Hydra with two asexual buds. Chlorohydra viridissima Harpoon Trigger • Explain how a hydra carries out both types of digestion. – Intracellular and Extracellular Intracellular Digestion Individual cells ingest by phagocytosis and break do daphnia end products Extracellular Digestion Cells secrete enzymes into the GVC Phylum: Annelids (Segmented worms) 7. Intestine: chemical Hydrolysis + absorption 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 8 10. 10 Typhlosole: “enfolding” 8 4. 5. 2. 3. Gizzard: Pharynx Esophagus: Crop: Vacuum peristalsis: Food mechanical stored in digestion Action 9 6. Skin: Gas PERMEABLE, What do we know about the earthworm from lab •“CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM” Dorsal and ventral blood vessels (located on the intestine) 5 pair of aortic arches Hemoglobin, red pigmented blood The real Rulers of the Earth… Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids, Millipedes One recent conservative estimate puts the number of arthropod species in tropical forests at 6 to 9 million species. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Herbivore: eats plant matter * Uses salivary hydrolytic enzymes * Dimorphic *Tube within a tube body plan Inner tube: Digestive System Outer tube: Exoskeleton, muscles * One way Digestive System * Extracellular Digestion Grasshopper Grasshopper Giz z ard Crop Small Intestine Pharynx Esophagus Rectum Anus Esophagus Pharynx mouth salivary glands Gastric caeca large Intestine stomach Answers 1. Oral Cavity • salivary glands Ex: amylase 2. Esophagus • Connects mouth to stomach • Peristaltic action of the esophagus moves food to the stomach 3. Stomach • Lining of the stomach contains gastric glands that secrete gastric juice 4. Small Intestine • Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion is completed here • Nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine • Structures like the gall bladder and pancreas secrete enzymes into the small intestine for digestion 4. Small Intestine Gall Bladder • Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder • Bile is secreted by the gall bladder into the small intestine for emulsification • Emulsification- the breakdown of fats Pancreas • Located near the stomach • For digestive purposes, the pancreas secretes: protease- breakdown of proteins lipase- breakdown of lipids (fats) 5. Large Intestine • • • • Water absorption only NO nutrient absorption occurs here Undigested material is known as feces The large intestine passes the feces into the rectum 5. (the quest for Polyps) • Colonoscopy: 5. Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_) • Polyps are small growths on the inner colon lining that look like warts. 5. Removal Colon Polyps_) 6. Rectum Temporarily stores the feces 7. Anus Opening through which feces passes out of the body (Egestion) (II) Nutrient Absorption • Takes place in the small intestine • Chemical digestion in humans is accomplished by Hydrolysis and the use of enzymes Villus • Lacteal- absorption of fatty acids and glycerol • Capillary networkabsorption of glucose and amino acids Roughage • Is an indigestible material in food that provides bulk, which stimulates the muscles of the digestive tube and thus keeps food moving through it. sources: fruits, vegetables, and grains. Lack of roughage in the diet is one cause of constipation. Define these Disorders of the Digestive Tract 1. Anorexia Nervosa 2. Ulcers 3. Constipation 4. Diarrhea 5. Appendicitis 6. Gallstones Anorexia Nervosa • A condition in which there is a severe loss of weight accompanied by symptoms of nutritional deficiencies. • Psychological condition where a person is unable to take or retain food due to an excessive concern about obesity Ulcers an erosion of the surface of the digestive tract associated with pain, nausea, and vomiting. Constipation To much water is absorbed by/in the large intestine. Also can exist due to lack of roughage. Diarrhea Decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of large intestine. Results in an increased, multiple, watery feces. Appendicitis An inflammation of the appendix. Usually feces that infects the appendix. Appendicitis Normal Infected Gallstones An accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits in the gall bladder. Salt regulation in Reptiles Enough is enough.. The End Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Has a TUBE w/i a TUBE body plan. 2. Has a 1 way digestive system 3. Feeds on organic material in the soil called HUMUS 4. Skin is PERMEABLE, (allows O2 and CO2 diffusion) 5. Moves using 4 pair of SETAE (per segment) 6. Within the Intestine is the TYPHLOSOLE, its function is to INCREASE SURFACE AREA for maximum food absorption. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Genus: Lumbricus Species: terrestris Notes if you missed it: * Carries out EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION * Saprophytes feeding on HUMUS * Esophagus Carries out peristalsis: rhythmic contraction that pushes food down towards anus * Food stored in crop * Gizzard: mechanical digestion * Intestine: chemical Hydrolysis digestion + absorption * Typhlosole: “enfolding” inc. surface area 1.Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda * Tube within a tube body plan Inner tube: Digestive System Outer tube: Exoskeleton, muscles * One way Digestive System * Extracellular Digestion *Terrestrial- Lives on land * Jointed Appendages (legs) * Hard chitinous exoskeleton * Compound Eyes Herbivore: eats plant matter * Uses salivary hydrolytic enzymes * Dimorphic Arthropods Coelenterate Phases The Stinging Truth If you were to think of a major marine predator, probably one of the last creatures to come to mind would be the jellyfish. Although jellyfish look harmless, they are in fact very efficient predators. They are able to stun or kill their prey with stinging cells called cnidocytes. Each of these cnidocytes contains a tiny harpoon called a nematocyst that when triggered by touch or chemicals not only shoots into the prey, but causes the other cells in the area to activate as well. A toxin is also released which stuns or kills the food. The potency of the toxins varies greatly among the different kinds of jellyfish. That is why some jellyfish, like the sea nettle, are only annoying and some, like the box jellyfish, are extremely dangerous if you come into contact with them. 1. What are the two different phyla names for the hydra? 2. How are those names derived?