Download Skin Color - Charlton County High School

Tissues and
Integumentary
System
Tissues
□ Tissues:
□Group of cells similar in structure and
perform a common or related function
□Four basic tissue types:
□Connective
□Epithelial
□Nervous
□Muscle
Tissues
□ Epithelial Tissue
□ General Characteristics
□Cover organs and the body
□Lines body cavities and hollow organs
□Functions include protection, absorption,
filtration, excretion and sensor reception
□Avascular (contains no blood vessels) but
supported by underlying connective tissue
□Regeneration – can replace lost cell by mitosis
Tissues
□ Connective Tissue
□General Characteristics
□Most abundant and widely distributed
□Functions include binding and support,
protection, insulation and
transportation of substances within the
body
□Types include:
□Adipose, cartilage, bone, blood
Bone
Adipose Tissue
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Tissues
□ Nervous Tissue
□General Characteristics
□Found in the brain, spinal cord and
nerves
□Function is to transmit electrical signals
□Two major types of cells
□Neurons
□Supporting cells
Tissues
□ Muscle Tissue
□ General Characteristics
□Highly vascularized
□Responsible for most types of body
movement
□3 types
□Skeletal muscle (attached to bones)
□Cardiac muscle (heart)
□Smooth muscle (walls of hollow organs)
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Covering and Lining Membranes
□ Body Membranes
□ Cutaneous
Membrane
□Skin
□Is exposed to air
and is a dry
membrane
Covering and Lining Membranes
□ Mucous Membranes
□ Line body cavities
that open to the
exterior
□ “Wet” or moist
membranes bathed
by secretions
□ Adapted for
secretion and
absorption
Covering and Lining Membranes
□ Serous Membranes
□ Lines body cavities
that are closed to
the exterior of the
body
□ Occur in pairs
separated by serous
fluid
The Integumentary System
□ Composed of
□Skin
□Oil glands
□Sweat glands
□Hairs
□Nails
The Skin
□ Skin Structure
□ 2 distinct regions of skin
□ Epidermis – outermost protective layer
□ Dermis – tough leathery layer located underneath
the epidermis
□ Hypodermis
□ Underneath the dermis
The Skin
□ The Epidermis
□ Cells in the inner layer undergo rapid cell
division, producing new cells that push older
cells to the surface of the skin
□ Older cells also begin making keratin, a tough,
fibrous protein.
□ When these cells die, they form a waterproof
covering on the skin’s surface and protective
properties.
The Skin
□ The Epidermis
□ Cells called melanocytes are also found in the
epidermis
□ They are responsible for producing the
pigment melanin
□ Melanin absorbs UV radiation to protect the skin
from sun damage
□ The more melanin produced, the darker the skin
color
The Skin
□ The Dermis
□ The second or inner layer of skin
□ Described as strong flexible connective tissue
or as the hide because it binds the entire body
together
□ Richly supplied with nerves, blood vessels,
sweat and oil glands
□ Collagen and elastic fibers found here
□ Collagen – toughness/hydration
□ Elastic fibers – elasticity
The Skin
□ The Hypodermis
□ Also called the subcutaneous layer
□ Mostly made up of adipose tissue
□ Anchors the skin to underlying organs and
stores fat
□ Acts a shock absorber and insulates deep
tissues from temp. changes outside body
Skin Color
□ Skin Color
□ Involves 3 following pigments:
□ Melanin
□ Amount and kind (yellow to reddish brown to
black)
□ Carotene
□ Orange-yellow pigment
□ Amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
□ Pigment found in red blood cells
Skin Color
□ Cyanosis
□ Blue or dark
blue tint to the
skin
□ Could be due to
heart failure and
respiratory
disorders due to
lack of oxygen
Skin Color
□ Erythema
□ Reddish tint to
skin
□Can be caused by
fever,
hypertension,
allergies or
inflammation
Skin Color
□ Jaundice
□Yellowish tint to the skin
□Can indicate a liver disorder, in which
bile accumulates in the blood
□ Pallor or Blanching
□ “Pale” or “white” tint to skin
□ Can be due to stress, low blood pressure, fear
or anemia
Skin Color
□ Bruises
□ Formed when
blood escapes from
circulation and clot
beneath the skin
□ Also called
hematomas, which
means blood
swelling
Skin Appendages
□ Sudoriferous Glands
□ Commonly called
sweat gland
□ Around 3 million of
them per person
and spread
throughout the
body
Skin Appendages
□ Types of Sweat Glands
□ Eccrine sweat glands
□ Produce sweat (mostly water, some salts, vitamin C,
antibodies and wastes)
□ Major purpose of sweat is to prevent body
overheating
□ Apocrine sweat glands
□ Secretion contains materials similar to sweat along
with fatty substances and proteins
□ Secretion is odorless until acted on by bacteria, then
it takes on a musky odor (body odor)
Skin Appendages
□ Sebaceous Glands
□ Commonly called oil
glands
□ Everywhere except
palms and soles
□ Secrete sebum
□Softens and lubricates
the skin
□Prevents brittle hair
□Has bacterium killing
action
Skin Appendages
□ Hair and Hair Follicles
□ Importance:
□ Keeps warmth
□ Sensory reception
□ Guards against
physical trauma,
heat loss and
sunlight
□ Filter large particles
from the air we
inhale
Skin Appendages
□ Hair Structure
□ Mostly composed of dead, keratinized cells
□ Chief regions are the shaft (projects from the
skin) and the root (embedded in skin)
□ Pigment is determined by melanocytes at the
base of follicle
Skin Appendages
□ Hair
□ Smooth muscle cells called arrector pili
surround each hair follicle
□ When they contract, the hair follicle is pulled
upright and this dimples the skin surface
□ This is how chill or goose bumps are formed
Skin Imbalances
□ Acne
□Active inflammation of the oil glands
□Usually caused by bacterial infection,
especially staphylococcus
□More common in adolescents and could
be associated with increased hormones
Skin Imbalances
□ Vitiligo
Skin Imbalances
□ Eczema
Skin Imbalances
□ Skin Cancer
□ Major risk factor for its development is
overexposure to UV radiation in sunlight
□ Three types:
□ Basal Cell Carcinoma
□ Squamous Cell Carcinoma
□ Malignant Melanoma
Skin Imbalances
□ Basal Cell Carcinoma
□ Least malignant and most common form
□ Appear most often on sun exposed areas of
the face
□ Looks like shiny dome-shaped nodules that
later develop a pearly beaded edge
□ 99% cure rate by surgical removal
Skin Imbalances
□ Squamous Cell Carcinoma
□ Lesion appears as a scaly reddened rounded
elevation
□ Commonly found on head (scalp, ears and
lower lips)
□ It can grow quickly and metastasize if not
removed surgically
Skin Imbalances
□ Malignant Melanoma
□ Cancer of the melanocytes and least common
form but most dangerous
□ Highly metastatic (rapidly to lymph and blood
vessels) and resistant to chemotherapy
□ Appears as a spreading brown to black patch
□ Early detection is key but survival is poor if
lesion is over 4 mm thick
ABCD Rule
□ A = Asymmetry
□ Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
□ B = Border irregularity
□ Borders of mole are not smooth
□ C = Color
□ Different colors in pigmented area
□ D = Diameter
□ Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter
Skin Imbalances
□ Burns
□ Defined as tissue damage caused by intense
heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals
□ They denature proteins and cause cell death in
affected areas
□ Classified as
□ 1st degree
□ 2nd degree
□ 3rd degree
Skin Imbalances
□ 1st Degree Burns
□ Only the epidermis
is burned
□ Usually not serious
and heal within 2-3
days
□ Sunburn
Skin Imbalances
□ 2nd Degree Burns
□ Epidermis and top
layer of the dermis
is damaged
□ Skin is reddened
and painful with
blisters
Skin Imbalances
□ 3rd Degree Burns
□ The epidermis, dermis
and often part of the
hypodermis are
destroyed
□ Area appears graywhite or black
□ Regeneration is not
possible
Functions of the
Integumentary
System
Relationships Between
the Integumentary
System and Other Body
Systems