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EUROPE WHY IT MATTERS In the 1990’s several nations of Europe formed the ______________ (an alliance that works for the region’s ____________ & ___________ unity) Many European countries have replaced their national ___________s with a common currency (the _______) As one of the world’s leading _____________ powers, Europe has long had a close political, cultural & economic ties to the __________ o Because of this important relationship, European ___________ & ______________ have shaped your _________ & may continue to do so in the years ahead WHAT MAKES IT A PHYSICAL REGION Europe is _______________ of ______________, with many fingers of land sticking out into the _____________ Ocean & the ________________ Sea as well as several large islands & island groups Over the centuries, Europeans have taken advantage of their ____________, using the _______ as a source of ___________ & an avenue for ___________ & _______________ Europe’s landscape has _____ layers---the ______________ in the far north, a broad central ___________________ & a more ______________ south The ___________ tend to be _________ because __________ waters from the Gulf of Mexico reach the northwestern edge of Europe & winds carry their warmth to the region THE LAND Wind, Water, & Ice are the __________ that created Europe’s Landforms These landforms have influenced in many ways the __________ of people living in each region Mountains & Plains The European landscape consists of ____________ interrupted by ______________ running through its interior & along its northern & southern edge Europe’s northwestern mountains (rounded by millions of years of erosion & glaciation) feature low ______ o ______________ is the process by which glaciers ____________ & spread Grampian Mountains The Grampian Mountains or ___________ are one of the three major mountain ranges in ______________, occupying a considerable portion of the Scottish Highlands in __________ Scotland o The mountains are composed of ___________, marble & ____________ The other major mountain ranges in Scotland are the Northwest ___________ & the Southern __________ A number of ____________ & ___________ rise in the Grampians: the Tay, Spey, Cowie Water, Burn of Muchalls, Burn of Pheppie, Burn of Elsick, Cairnie Burn, Don, Dee & Esk o The area is generally _____________ populated ______________ is the highest mountain in the ____________ Isles standing at 4,409 feet above sea level & is located at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands, close to the town of _______________ o The mountain is a popular ______________ attracting an estimated 100,000 _____________ a year o The ___________, which is the collapsed dome of an ancient _____________,features the ruins of an observatory which was continuously staffed between 1883 & 1904 Meseta The Meseta Central (_______________) of the ____________ Peninsula is a vast _____________ in the heart of _____________ that has elevations that range from 2,000 to 2,500 feet Rimmed by _______________, the Meseta Central slopes gently to the west & to the series of rivers that form some of the border with _____________ With __________ at its centre, it extends over 81,000 square miles & has an average elevation of 2,165 feet o It constitutes the ___________ & most complex geologic formation of the peninsula Its western slope is gently inclined toward the Atlantic Ocean & forms the __________ of the Duero, Tagus, & Guadiana rivers To the north the _____________ rises abruptly into the ___________ Mountains & to the east it becomes a series of ranges The block mountains in the centre of the peninsula divide the ______________ into the high basin of the northern Meseta (____________) & the lower plateaus of the southern Meseta (Castile–La Mancha & Extremadura) There are contrasts in ___________ & ___________ between the western outcrops of crystalline rocks with poor soils & the eastern plains of limestones & marble that form the major _______________ zones o The Pyrenees External & basicall right next to the Meseta Central lie the _____________ in the northeast that extend from the eastern edge of the Cordillera Cantábrica to the __________________ Sea It forms a solid ____________ & a natural ____________ between Spain & both France & Andorra that throughout history has effectively ____________ the countries from each other Passage is easy in the relatively _______ terrain at the eastern & western extremes of the mountain range o It is here that international ______________ & ______________ cross the border In the ____________ section of the Pyrenees _____________is difficult o In several places the peaks rise above 9,800 feet with the highest being __________________ which surpasses 11,150 feet The Alps The _________ (created by ____________ ) are one of the great mountain range systems of Europe that stretch approximately ______ miles across eight Alpine countries from Austria & Slovenia in the east, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Germany, France to the west & Italy & Monaco to the south o The Alps were formed over hundreds of millions of years as the African & Eurasian ____________ plates collided o The extreme ________________ caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentation rising & folding into high mountain peaks such as ______________ & the _____________ Mont Blanc spans the ___________________ border & at 15,782 feet is the highest mountain in the Alps o The Alpine region area contains many ___________ higher than 13,123 feet known as the "___________________" The ________________ & ________________ of the range affects the _____________ in Europe o In the mountains _____________ levels vary greatly & climatic conditions consist of distinct zones o ___________ such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 11,155 feet & ___________ such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations Evidence of ______________ habitation in the Alps goes back to the _____________ era & the ________ River & _______ River gets their source of water from the Alps o The Alps mountain system was created by _____________ & it forms a ____________ from Southern ______________ to the ____________ Peninsula The Apennines The _______________ or Apennine Mountains are a mountain range consist of _____________ smaller chains extending 750 miles along the length of _____________ Peninsula o In the northwest they join with the _________ at the Italian provine of ___________ o In the southwest they end at _________________ which is a coastal city at the tip of the peninsula o The southern mountains are __________ while the eastern mountains that slope down to the __________ Sea are steep, while the western slopes form foothills on which most of peninsular Italy's cities are located The mountains tend to be named from the ____________ or provinces in which they are _____________ The highest peak in the Apennine Mountains is “________________” & is 9,553 feet above sea level o The Corno Grande is also home to Europe’s southernmost glacier the “_________________” Carpathian Mountains The Carpathian Mountains or _______________ are a range of mountains forming an arc or ___________ shape roughly ______ miles long across Central & Eastern Europe, making them the _________-longest mountain range in Europe (after the _______________ Mountains---1,056 miles long) They provide the ____________ for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois & lynxes, with the __________ concentration in Romania as well as over one third of all European plant species o The Carpathians & their _____________(foothills & plateaus) also contain many ___________ & _____________ waters, with Romania home to over 1/3 of the European total Romania is likewise home to the largest surface of virgin ___________ (forest that has attained great age witout much disturbance) in Europe (excluding Russia) o It totals 250,000 hectares (____________) with most of them in the Carpathians & with the Southern Carpathians constituting Europe’s largest _______________ forested area The Carpathians consist of a __________ of mountain ranges that stretch in an arc from the Czech Republic (3%) in the northwest through Slovakia (17%), Poland (10%), Hungary (4%), Ukraine (11%) to Romania (53%) in the east & on to the Iron Gates on the River Danube between Romania & Serbia (2%) in the south o The highest range within the Carpathians is the “_____________”, on the border of ___________ & _____________ where the highest peaks exceed 8,530 feet o The second-highest range is the ______________ Carpathians in _______________, where the highest peaks exceed 8,202 feet The Carpathians are usually divided into __________ major parts: the _____________ Carpathians (Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia), the ______________ Carpathians (southeastern Poland, eastern Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania) & the ______________ Carpathians (Romania & Serbia) The Carpathians are a geologically ___________ European mountain chain forming the eastward continuation of the __________ Although a counterpart of the Alps, the Carpathians ___________ considerably from them o Their structure is less ____________ & they are split up into a number of mountain __________ separated by ________________ o The highest peaks, Gerlachovský Štít (____________) in the Carpathians (8,711 feet) & Mont Blanc in the Alps (15,771 feet), differ greatly in _____________ & in average _____________ the Carpathian mountain chains are also very much ____________ than those of the Alps Balkan Mountains The Balkan mountain range is a mountain range in the eastern part of the ___________ Peninsula o The Balkan range runs _______ miles from the Vrashka Chuka / Vrška Čuka Peak on the border between ____________ & eastern ____________ eastward through central Bulgaria to Cape Emine on the _____________ Sea Because of its ____________, it is not appropriate for skiing holidays in Bulgaria & other similar activities o The highest peak is “______________” (14,803 feet) located in the Central Balkan National ________ (established 1991) Northern European Plains Sourced by Ice Age _____________ the Northern European Plain or “Great European Plain” stretches from southeastern ____________ & western France eastward to Poland, ______________ & Russia o It consists of the low _______________ between the Central European Highlands to the south & the North Sea & the Baltic Sea to the north which are separated by the _____________ Peninsula o The North European Plain is connected to East European Plain & _______________ they form the European Plain The plains ___________ soil & wealth of ___________ originally drew _______________ to the area The southern edge is especially ____________ because deposits of “______________” (a fine, rich, wind-borne soil left by glaciers) cover it Deposits of coal, _____________ & other minerals led to western Europe’s _________________ development during the _________ Today many of Europe’s largest cities (_____________ & _____________) are located on the plain Hungarian Plain The Hungarian Plain or Great Hungarian Plain is a plain occupying the southern and eastern part of ______________, some parts of the Eastern Slovak Lowland southwestern Ukraine, the Transcarpathian Lowland, western Romania, northern Serbia & eastern Croatia The Great Hungarian Plain is an ________________ region which makes up _______ of Hungary's land mass o Across this great plain from north to south meanders the “_______ River”, a tributary of the Danube o Dotting the landscape among the ________ & ________ pastures are farmhouses with steel milk canisters hung from eaves & old-fashioned wells with swinging buckets Although the Great Hungarian Plain is now a _________ belt, throughout history, it has been the location of many ____________ invasions o Eurasia Eurasia is a ___________ continental landmass comprising ___________ & __________ Covering about 20,846,000 mi2 it is considered a “______________” & it is located primarily in the eastern & northern hemispheres, with the _________ Ocean to the north, the ____________ Ocean to the west, the ________________ Sea, the Suez Canal (& Africa) & the ____________ Ocean to the south & the Pacific Ocean to the east o Eurasia covers ___________ of the Earth's total land area & contains about _______ of the human population (about ________ billion people)--- 60% in Asia & 12.5% in Europe Europe & Asia share a ____________ landmass & some common ___________ features o Atlantic Ocean, _________ Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, _________ Sea touches Eurasia Most of Europe lies within 300 miles of the ____________ which has helped shape peoples lives over time In the ____________ water can be friend or foe because about _______ of the land lies below sea level (below water) o The Dutch built “__________” (large banks of earth) to hold back the water from the raging North Sea & have thus been able to reclaim new land from the sea called “_________” (land that was under sea water that has been drained & reclaimed) o Polders provide hundreds of thousands of _________ of _________ for farming & settlement but storm breaches have still created devastating _________ in recent years Europe is a large ____________ made up of smaller ______________ (5) Scandinavian Peninsula (Northern Peninsula) In the far north lies the scenic & the largest (of the 5 peninsulas) Scandinavian Peninsula (1,150 miles lond & 230-500 miles wide) During the last _____________ (The Great Ice Age" and was 11,000 years ago) the process of “_____________” carved out long, narrow, steep-sided inlets called “_________” on the Atlantic Coastline o Much of _____________ & northern ___________ is mountainous but in southern Sweden lowlands slope gently towards the __________ Sea o In both countries & in Finland, Ice Age ____________ left behind thousands of sparkling _________ Most of Europe lies within 300 miles of the ____________ which has helped shape peoples lives over time The ___________ across Scandinavia varies from ___________ & subarctic in the north, with cool marine west coast climate in northwestern coastal areas to ___________ continental in the central portion & marine west coast in the south & southwest o The region is rich in ________, iron & _______ with the best ____________ in southern Sweden o Large ___________ & _____________ deposits have been found off Norway's coast in the North Sea & the Atlantic Ocean Much of the ___________ of the Scandinavian Peninsula is naturally concentrated in its southern part, which is also its ____________ region o The largest cities of the peninsula are ___________, Sweden, _______, Norway, Gothenburg, Sweden, Malmö, Sweden & Bergen, Norway, in that order Jutland Peninsula (Northern Peninsula) The Jutland Peninsula forms the mainland part of __________ & extends or “______” out into the North Sea Glaciers deposited sand & gravel on the peninsula’s flat western side & carved __________ into the eastern coastline Flat ___________ or low __________ make up most of the peninsula’s interior Iberian Peninsula (Southern Peninsula) The Iberian Peninsula extends off of __________ Europe (home to Spain & Portugal) separating the ___________ Ocean from the ____________ Sea (only 20 miles of water separate Spain from Africa--Strait of ___________) o Most of the Peninsula is _____________ that rises above narrow coastal plains To the north the ___________ cut off the peninsula from the rest of Europe & as a result the people of the Iberian Peninsula were until modern times relatively “___________” from the rest of Europe & were oriented towards the ________ Italian Peninsula (Southern Peninsula) The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula, also _________ is one of the three large peninsulas of Southern Europe spanning ______ miles from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south The peninsula's ___________ gives it the nickname (__________) & is made up up 3 smaller peninsulas that contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria, Salento & Gargano o The peninsula is bordered by the ___________ Sea on the west, the ____________ Sea on the south & the ___________ Sea on the east The Italian peninsula's location between the centre of Europe & the Mediterranean Sea made it the target of many ___________ o The peninsula has mainly a _____________ climate, though in the mountainous parts the climate is much _________ & it’s long coastline varies from high, rocky cliffs to long sandy beaches with __________ that cover only ______ of the Peninsula Balkan Peninsula (Southeastern) The Balkan Peninsula Is located in southeastern & bounded by the ____________ & ___________ Seas on the west & the ____________ & ____________ Seas on the east Europe The peninsula holds a tangle of Mountain Ranges & _________ that stretch southward from the Danube River Because of the regions craggy landscape, overland travel is __________ so the people have historically moved along __________ & __________ Iceland Lies south of the _________ Circle in the North __________ Ocean & is home to numerous active ___________, hot spring & ___________ with Glaciers that are found next to the hot springs & geysers “Grimsvotn” Volcano frequently __________ causing airports & travel almost impossible (prevailing winds) Homes in the region are heated by piping in water from _________ springs (_____________) British Isles Northwest of the mainland are the 2 large islands of ____________ & ____________ as well as thousands of smaller islands that make up the British Isles o The rugged ____________ features rocky cliffs that drop to deep bays o Mountains, ___________ & valleys make up most of northern & western Great Britain while low hills & rolling ____________ dominate in the south Ireland is often called the “______________” due to its lush green land of cool ____________ & abundant ______________ Water Systems Rhine River – _____________ through France & Germany & into the Netherlands (most important) Danube River – South ___________ through Hungary & Romania Thames River – England through ___________ Main River – _____________ of the Rhine River Seine River, Rhone River, Lorie River – _______ Elbe & Weser – ___________ Vistula – ___________ Po – ___________ Dnieper – _____________ Rhine River The Rhine flows from Grisons in the eastern Swiss Alps to the North Sea coast in the Netherlands & is the ________ longest river (_________ miles) & most ____________ river in Europe The Rhine & the Danube formed most of the northern inland frontier of the __________ Empire & since those days, the Rhine has been a vital & __________ waterway carrying _________ & goods deep inland o It has also served as a ____________ feature & has been the basis for regional and international borders o The many castles & prehistoric fortifications along the Rhine testify to its importance as a ____________ o River ____________ could be stopped at these locations, usually for the purpose of collecting __________, by the state that controlled that portion of the river Danube River The Danube is a river in Central Europe & the continent's _______ longest after the _______ Classified as an __________ waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen which is in the Black Forest of __________ o The Danube then flows southeast for 1,785 miles passing through __________ Central European capitals before emptying into the _________ Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania & Ukraine o Once a long-standing frontier of the ____________ Empire, the river passes through or touches the borders of ten countries: Romania (29.0% of basin area), Hungary (11.6%), Serbia (10.2%), Austria (10.0%), Germany (7.0%), Slovakia (5.9%), Bulgaria (5.9%), Croatia (4.4%), Ukraine (3.8%), and Moldova (1.6%),more than any other o Its ___________ basin extends into ________ more Natural Resources Europe’s abundant supply of ________ & ___________ fueled the development of modern __________ Europeans today rely on ________, oil, __________ & nuclear & ________________ power Vast oil & natural gas deposits under the __________ Sea contribute greatly to Europe’s __________ needs o Europe has ______ of the world’s _______ reserves---_________ has _____ o 4th biggest ________ producer---________ years of coal left o Europe as a whole continent or the (__________) uses about (13,630,000) barrels of _____ per day o The U.S. uses 18,690,000 barrels per day---_______ in the world (about ______ of the worlds oil) o ________ consumption of oil is ________________ barrels per day o Italy $8.74---France $8.63---Finland $8.82---Germany $7.91---Sweden $8.90 & Denmark---United Kingdom $8.63---Norway $9.69---Netherlands $9.35----Gas prices per gallon CLIMATE & VEGETATION Europe is a land of varied ___________ & _____________ The climates & vegetation of Europe vary from the cold, barren _________ & subarctic stretches of Iceland, Norway, Sweden & Finland to the warm, shrub-covered _________________ coasts of Italy, Spain & Greece What factors account for such variation in a relatively small area? o __________, Mountain Barriers, __________ Patterns, __________ Currents & Distance from large bodies of _________ influence Europe’s Climate Patterns o North ____________ Current is a powerful ________ ocean current that continues the Gulf Stream northeast where it splits in _____ with the northern split having a ___________ influence on European climate as it moves along the European _________ o By contrast Eastern & Northern Europe have a ____________ climate because of their distance from the warming _____________ of the Atlantic Ocean Natural ___________ in the region varies from _________ & grasslands to ________ plants & small shrubs High-Latitude Regions Climates in the high latitudes vary with __________ Europe’s far north has high-latitude climates with bitterly _______ winters & short, cool _________ Tundra o Tundra Regions have _________ (soil that is permanently frozen beneath the surface), supports little __________ (mosses, small shrubs, & wildflowers) ______________ & ___________ climates are also found in the high-latitudes Midlatitude Regions Most of western Europe has a __________________ climate o Cool summers, mild winters, & nearly 90 inches of precipitation which is a result of the “______________ Current” & “North _____________ Current” o ______________ Forest (green leafy trees) & ____________ Forest (conifers are trees that produce seeds in cones---fir, pine & spruce) o ______________ is an elevation above which trees ___________ grow _____________ Clime is found in southern Europe o Hot dry __________ & mild ___________ winters o The ________ have a __________ climate with colder temperatures & more precipitation than the nearby lowland areas o “___________” are dry winter winds that blow down from the mountains into valleys & plains & trigger “____________” (destructive mass of ice, snow, & rock sliding down a mountain) o “______________” are the strong north winds from the Alps (bitterly cold) o “___________” are the high, dry winds from North Africa that bring high temperatures to the region Humid Subtropical o Cold, snowy __________ & hot __________ o A mix of deciduous forests (trees that lose their ________---ash, maple & oak) & coniferous forests Dry Regions Parts of southeastern & southwestern Europe have a Dry ___________ Climate ____________ Climate o Belt of dry, cold ____________ that extends from Hungary to Central ________ o Has hot summers & cold winters & __________ is hard because of extreme ____________, periods of drought, __________, eroded soil, & high ___________