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Download January 9, 2014 Chapter 11: The Physical Geography of Europe
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May 3, 2017 Chapter 11: The Physical Geography of Europe Section 1: The Land • • • Europe and Asia share landmass • Eurasia • Unlike other continents Europe – 2nd smallest of continents • After Australia Europe – distinct region • Juts westward from Asia has unusual long, irregular coastline • Touches many bodies of water • Atlantic Ocean • Baltic sea • North Sea • Mediterranean Sea • Black Sea Struggle with the Sea Most of Europe lies within 300 miles of seacoast ◦ Shaped lifestyles of people The Netherlands – water is friend or foe ◦ 25% of country lies below sea level Dutch built dikes to hold back water ◦ Large banks of earth and stone Reclaimed new land from sea Reclaimed new land from sea ◦ Polders – reclaimed lands Once drained and kept dry by windmills ◦ Today – other power sources run pumps to remove seawater Polders provides lands for farming and settlement ◦ Sometimes stormy seas breach dikes & create floods The Northern Peninsulas Europe is large peninsula made of smaller peninsulas Scandinavian Peninsula – far north Glaciation – process where glaciers form and spread over peninsula Glaciers carved out long, narrow, steep-sided inlets – fjords (fee * AWRDZ) ◦ Atlantic coastline Most of Norway and n. Sweden is mountainous S. Sweden – lowlands slope to Baltic Sea Norway, Sweden and Finland – Ice Age glaciers left behind thousands of sparkling lakes The Northern Peninsulas Jutland – peninsula that forms mainland of Denmark and extends into North Sea (toward Norway & Sweden) Glaciers deposited sand & gravel on Jutland’s flat western side ◦ Carved fjords in the higher coastline on east Flat lands or low hills – most of Jutland’s interior The Southern Peninsulas Iberian Peninsula – SW edge of Europe ◦ ____________________ Separates __________ Ocean form __________ Sea Strait of __________ – separates southern tip from Africa ◦ __________ of water The Southern Peninsulas Most of peninsula is __________ 1 May 3, 2017 ◦ Rises above coastal plains In north – __________ (PIHR * uh * NEEZ) Mountains cut off peninsula from rest of Europe ◦ Result – people of peninsula isolated from rest of Europe & __________ __________ The Southern Peninsulas __________ (A*puh*NYN) Peninsula – Italy is located there ◦ Extends into __________ Sea ◦ Like a __________ __________ Coastline varies from high, rocky cliffs to long, sandy beaches Apennines – mountain chain that includes an active volcano – __________ __________ ◦ Near city of _________ Plains cover ____ of area ◦ Largest fertile plain of __________ ◦ Along ___ River in north ________ peninsula – se Europe ◦ Bounded by __________ and __________ Seas on west & __________ __________ Seas on east ◦ Made up of mountain ranges and valleys stretch southward from __________ River ◦ Travel difficult b/c of craggy landscape Europe’s Islands Europe has many islands ◦ ◦ __________ – located south of __________ __________ in N. Atlantic Ocean Lies along __________ __________ __________ Has volcanoes, hot springs and geysers Glaciers found next to __________ & __________ __________ Due to Iceland’s northern location Homes and industries – most located in capital of __________ (RAY*kyah*VEEK) ◦ Pipe in water from hot springs for heat Coast made up of grassy __________ Land rises sharply to form inland __________ Europe’s Islands __________ __________ – nw of European mainland ◦ Two large islands ◦ __________ and __________ Thousands of smaller islands N. and W. G.B. – mountain ranges, plateaus and deep valleys S. G.B. – low hills & gently rolling plains Ireland – called “__________ __________” ◦ Lush green land of cool temps and lots of __________ ◦ Rugged coastline of GB feature __________ __________ dropping to deep bays Islands – south of European mainland 2 May 3, 2017 ◦ Rugged mountains form larger islands: ◦ __________, __________, __________, Crete & Cyprus Volcanic & earthquake in region ◦ In __________ Sea __________ __________ – highest active volcano – rises over Sicily Smaller islands in Med. Sea ◦ __________ Islands (Spain) ◦ __________ (5 islands) ◦ __________ (2,000 islands – Aegean Sea) Draws tourists b/c of scenic, rugged landscape Mountains and Plains Mainland consists of plains interrupted by mountains ◦ run through __________ ◦ Along northern and southern edges Mountain Regions Northwestern mountains ◦ Ancient __________ __________ ◦ Rounded by eons of erosion and glaciation ◦ Low peaks Central Uplands ◦ __________ Peninsula to eastern Europe ◦ Low, rounded mountains ◦ High plateaus ◦ Scattered __________ ◦ Geologically younger mountains ◦ __________ and __________ Pyrenees Mountains formed by crust __________ & __________ Thrust upward to __________ feet Alps formed by __________ and __________ ◦ Forms crescent from s. Europe to Balkan Peninsula ◦ Highest peak – __________ – 15,771 feet on border of France and Italy Mountain Regions Major rivers originate in Alps ◦ Include __________ (Spain’s central plateau) and Massif Central (France central highlands) Southern Europe ◦ __________ __________ – highest mountain in British Isles – 4,406 feet __________ and __________ Alps form barrier that separates warm, dry climate of Mediterranean region from cooler climates of north 3 May 3, 2017 __________ Mountains – towering mountain chain ◦ Runs through eastern Europe from Slovakia to Romania Plains Regions Broad plains curve around highlands __________ __________ __________ – stretches from SE England and W. France eastward to Poland, Ukraine and Russia Fertile soil & wealth of rivers drew farmers to area ◦ Plain still major __________ region ◦ Southern edge very fertile b/c deposits of __________ Deposits in __________ include coal, iron ore and other minerals ◦ Led to western Europe’s industrial development in __________ ◦ Today many large cities located on plain Fine, rich, __________ soil that covers area __________ & __________ __________ __________ __________ – from Hungary to Croatia, Serbia, Romania ◦ Cultivate gains, fruit and vegetables in area ◦ Also raise livestock in lowlands along Danube Water Systems Many water systems flow from inland mountain and highland areas to __________ Connect navigable rivers with __________ ◦ Enhanced natural waterways as __________ links ◦ __________ & __________ also provide water to irrigate farmland and produce electricity Water Systems Rivers have differing characteristics ◦ Scandinavia – rivers __________ & do not provide easy connection b/w cities ◦ Iberian Peninsula – main rivers too __________ and __________ for large slips ◦ Thames River (TEHMZ) – in England – allows __________ __________ ships to reach port of __________ Heartland of Europe ◦ Long rivers provide links b/w inland areas as well as to sea ◦ __________ – most important river in __________ Europe Flows from Swiss Alps through France & Germany into Netherlands Connect many industrial cities to __________ Busy port on __________ __________ __________ River – flows from Germany’s __________ __________ to __________ __________ ◦ Eastern Europe’s major waterway ◦ Every year – millions of tons of __________ carried on river by ships & barges __________ (MYN) River – tributary of Rhine ◦ b/c connected to Danube in __________ ◦ Main-Danube Canal completed ◦ Linked North Sea with Black Sea 4 May 3, 2017 Other major European Rivers: ◦ __________ : Seine, Rhone, Loire ◦ Germany: __________, __________ ◦ Poland: __________ ◦ __________ : Po ◦ __________ : Dnieper Natural Resources Long history of utilizing __________ __________ ◦ Abundant supply of __________ & __________ __________ ◦ i.e. energy sources, agricultural areas, water and minerals Fueled development of modern industry Coal ◦ Major reserves in U.K., Germany, Ukraine and Poland ◦ Many coalfields __________ or __________ too mine Iron Ore ◦ Western Europe Large deposits in n. Sweden, ne France and s. Ukraine Other mineral resources: ◦ __________ , __________, __________ Section 2: Climate & Vegetation Water and Land __________ and __________ vary Cold, barren tundra & subarctic land of Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland Warm, shrub-covered Mediterranean coasts of Italy, Spain and Greece What determines climate in Europe? ◦ W. and S. Europe – lie near/along __________ __________ of water ◦ Benefit from warm __________ __________ ◦ __________ __________ compared to other places in world at same latitude i.e. Paris and Boston – same distance from Arctic Circle Jan. temps of Paris milder then Boston E. and N. Europe – __________ climate than rest of Europe ◦ __________ __________ __________ Due to distance from warming effects of __________ __________ __________ influences vegetation in Europe ◦ Natural vegetation varies from: __________ and grasslands __________ and small shrubs Western Europe __________ __________ climate – most of W. Europe 5 May 3, 2017 ◦ __________ winters, __________ summer, abundant __________ ◦ __________ in Atlantic Ocean and __________ __________ __________ (northern extension of Gulf Stream) ◦ Bring warm waters to area from Gulf of Mexico/regions near __________ Warm, moist air blow across surface of Europe Due to __________ __________ __________ Trees and Highlands W. Europe – varieties of __________ and __________ trees ◦ Deciduous trees thrive in marine west coast climate ◦ Coniferous trees found in cooler Alpine mountains up to __________ Elevation above which trees can’t grow __________ – highland climate ◦ Colder temps and more __________ then lowland areas ◦ Sudden changes can occur with __________ (FUHNZ) winds ◦ Dry winds that blow down from __________ into __________ and __________ This wind can trigger __________ Destructive masses of ice, snow and rock sliding down mountainsides Ireland’s Forests Region originally covered by __________ Vegetation transformed due to __________ __________ and __________ of land ◦ i.e. prior __________ – midlands of Ireland covered with forests of broad-leaved trees ◦ Afterwards – forests depleted due to agriculture pressure and large-scale __________ of trees for firewood __________ - Ireland gained independence – only ___% of country woodland ◦ Woodlands building backup ◦ Due to state-funded deforestation projects Peninsulas of Europe Peninsulas – itself a peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is characterized by the number of peninsulas that are found there. The most significant peninsulas are: ◦ __________ Peninsula – Spain and Portugal ◦ __________ Peninsula – Italy ◦ __________ Peninsula – Denmark ◦ __________ Peninsula – Norway, Sweden, and Finland __________ are steep U-shaped valleys that connect to the sea and that filled with seawater after the glaciers from an Ice Age melted. ◦ __________ Peninsula – Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Serbia & Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, and Bulgaria (among others) ◦ __________ __________ – England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland Southern Europe Mediterranean climate ◦ __________, __________ summers and mild, rainy winters Other climates found in small area 6 May 3, 2017 ◦ i.e. __________ __________ __________ from N. Italy to central Balkan Peninsula Parts of Spain’s Meseta h- dry, __________ climate Alps – block __________ Atlantic winds ◦ Less precipitation in S. Europe Winds in region can cause changes in normal weather patterns ◦ __________ – strong north wind from Alps ◦ Sends gusts of bitterly cold air into __________ __________ – high, dry winds from __________ Bring high temps to area Eastern & Northern Europe Climate mostly __________ ◦ Cold, snowy winters and hot summers ◦ Atlantic currents – less __________ in area Farther away from Atlantic Ocean __________ & __________ temps vary more then rest of Europe __________ __________ – mix of deciduous and coniferous forests ◦ Coniferous trees – survive long, cold winters __________ – cover other parts of this area ◦ Found in parts of Scandinavia and Baltic Sea region Esp. Hungary, Yugoslavia and Romania Far N. Europe – such as Iceland, n. Scandinavia and Finland ◦ __________ and __________ climates Bitterly cold winters and short, cool summers ◦ __________ – soil that is permanently frozen below surface ◦ Little vegetation except __________ and small shrubs and __________ 7
