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ZOOLOGY 2 Oldřich Sychra University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Science Brno Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases Attention This file contains images from the Internet and books obtained without the approval of copyright holder for publication. It is therefore intended only for internal use by VFU Brno students during their preparation for exam in zoology. Further dissemination of this file is forbidden. PHYLUM: CHORDATA triploblastic, deuterostomate, coelom marine, freshwater, terrestrial habitats 49 000 species bilateral symmetry PHYLUM: CHORDATA • • • • • • • Notochord (chorda dorsalis) Dorsal tubular nerve cord Pharyngeal pouches and slits Endostyle or Thyroid gland Postanal tail Ventral, contractile blood vessel (heart) Complete digestive tract --postanal tail-- protostomia Subphylum: Tunicata • marine, solitary or colonial, adults sessile • notochord, nerve cord, postanal tail – reduced in adult Class: Ascidiacea (sea squirts) Class: Thaliacea (salps) Class: Larvacea sea squirts salps larvacea Subphylum: Cephalochordata Lancelets, acrania • • • • Marine Fishlike body, 5-7 cm Notochord during whole life Study subjects GIT: pharynx – filter feedinding R: gonochorisms Subphylum: Vertebrata • 47 000 + species • vertebrae - surround nerve cord – primary axial support • notochord, nerve cord, postanal tail, pharyngeal slits – present at least in embryonic stages Phylogeny of vertebrates Tunicates Acrania Chordata Vertebrata Craniata Class: Myxini – hagfishes • • • • • marine Myxine glutinosa naked skin with slime glands sense of smell, touch, hearing, eyes degenerate feeds on annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, dead or dying fishes 2 toothed, keratinized plates on the tongue – bits of flesh from its pray Eptatretus stouti Phylogeny of vertebrates unpaired fin fold Chordata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata Class: Petromyzontida - lampreys • Predators, „ectoparasites“, ceratinous „teeth“ in the circular mouth, no jaws • 7 gillslits Migrations, freshwater streams to breed long larval stage • Petromyzon marinus – problem with introduction in North America Phylogeny of vertebrates Chordata Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata Class: Chondrichthyes – sharks, rays and chimeras ancient, highly developed group cartilaginous skeleton, notochord persistent but reduced marine, large (average 2 m) predators - well developed sense organs, powerful jaws, swimming musculature, predaceous habits Subclass: Elasmobranchii • Sharks, rays • Teeth, placoid scales • Spiraculum, 6 gillslits, spiral valve in gut • Internal fertilisation, slow reproduction Subclass: Holocephali Chimaeras (ratfish), Fused head cartilage At sea bottom, eating hard food Phylogeny of vertebrates Chordata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata Class: Actinopterygii, Ray-finned fish bony fishes, > 30 000 species freshwater, sea poikilothermic skeleton with bone jaws present dermal scales swim bladder R: gills, arches, operculum S: gonochorism, external fertilization, External development migration to spawn • Catadromous - lives in fresh water, spawn in sea, - eel • Anadromous - salmon, lives in sea, spawn in rivers Salmo (Atlantic ocean) Oncorhynchus (pacific ocean) • Subclass: Chondrostei - most primitive sturgeons (caviar), paddle-fish, bichirs • Subclass: Neopterygii salmons (Salmoniformes) codfishes (Gadiformes) carps and minnows (Cypriniformes) herrings (Clupeiformes) Catfishes (Siluriformes) perch-likefishes (Perciformes) clownfish flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) perch tuna Phylogeny of vertebrates Chordata Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata Class: Sarcopterygii: Lobe-finned fishes lungs and gills Rhipidistians – ancestors of tetrapods • Coelacanths Latimeria Phylogeny of vertebrates Chordata Tetrapoda Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata Class: Sarcopterygii: Lobe-finned fishes lungs and gills Rhipidistians – ancestors of tetrapods • Coelacanths Latimeria • Lungfish Phylogeny of vertebrates Chordata Amniota Tetrapoda Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata Class: Amphibia movement from water to land dependence of water for reproduction Ectotherms skeleton – reduced ribs glandular skin - smooth, moist - poison glands - pigment cells R: lungs, internal nostrils skin breathing external gills in larval forms C: double circulation, 3- chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventrile) Sense: ear - tympanic membrane eye – eyelids, lachrymal glands olfactory epithelium Vocalization Class: Amphibia Old lineage (390mya), 3 subclasses: • Anura, +6000 spp Toads(Bufonidae), frogs (Ranidae), treefrogs(Hylidae), clawed frogs(Xenopus spp.) … • Caudata 588 spp), Northern hemisphere. Newts (Triturus spp.), salamander (Salamandra spp.) • Gymnophiona, 185 spp, tropical Biology of amphians • Frogs • External fertilisation • Larva – tadpole very different from adult Biology of amphibians • Caudates • Internal fertilisation • Larva similar to adult Phylogeny of vertebrates Lepidosauria Archosauria Diapsida Reptilia Chordata Amniota Tetrapoda Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata 1 temporal fenestra 1 zygomatic arch Class: Reptilia First truly terrestrial vertebrates Age of reptiles (mesozoicum, 252 to 66 million years ago) Ectotermic – termoregulate behaviorally tough, dry, heavily keratinized skin, scales, few glands R: lungs, no gills C: pulmonary and systemic circuits Hearth – 2 atria and 2 partly separated ventricles E: metanefridic kindney S: sexes separate, internal fertilization, waterindependent reproduction, usually oviparous, no aquatic larval stages Amniotic egg • Eggs covered with calcareous or leathery shells • Extraembryonic membranes - amnion, chorion, allantois Order: Turtles • Shell - carapace - plastron • long-living • terrestrial, semiaquatic, aquatic, marine • lack teeth • oviparous, bury their eggs Subclass: Diapsida Order: Squamata = lizards, snakes, worm lizard Lizards – movable eyelids, external ear • • • • Iguanids Geckos – small, agile, nocturnal, adhesive toe pads Chameleons – arboreal, sticky-tipped tongue Skinks – reduced limbs Worm lizard – burrowing forms, elongated body, lack of external limbs Snakes limbless mandibles joined only by muscles and skin tongue forked and protrusible left lung reduced or absent Killing the prey – constriction - poison – neurotoxic / hemotoxic type Order: Tuataras 2 species in New Zealand Lizard-like, slow-growing, parietal eye Phylogeny of vertebrates Lepidosauria Archosauria Diapsida Reptilia Chordata Amniota Tetrapoda Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata 1 temporal fenestra 1 zygomatic arch Archosauria Order: Crocodilia crocodiles, alligators, caimans skull elongate and massive 4-chambered heart social behavior Archosauria Lepidosauria Archosauria Anamnia - Mammalia turtles Squamata hateria crocodiles amphibians birds dinosaurs Reptilia Tetrapoda Amniota Birds (Aves) • • • • • • • • • • • adaptations to flight feathers (contour, plumes) increase of power - decrease of weight wings, hollow bones, keratinized bill, endothermy, large heart (4-chambered) , high pressure circulation, lungs, air sacs, syrinx keen vision excellent neuromuscular coordination Repro: separate sex, ♀ left ovary internal fertilization monogamy, polygyny, polyandry nesting, amniotic egg with yolk & hard shell Classification of birds: Class: Aves rhea • Superorder: Paleognathae – – – – – Order: Struthioniformes – ostrich Order: Rheiformes – rheas Order: Casuariiformes – cassowaries, emus Order: Apterygiformes – kiwis Order: Tinamiformes - tinamous kiwi tinamou • Superorder: Neognathae – Order: Sphenisciformes – penguin – Order: Podipediformes – grebe – Order: Procellariiformes – albatross Crested grebe albatros – Order: Pelecaniformes – pelican, cormorant – Order: Ciconiiformes – heron, stork, ibis, – Order: Anseriformes – swan, geese, ducks – Orders: Accipitriformes x Falconiformes (not closely related) kestrel vultrures falcon – Order: Galliformes – quail, pheasant, turkeys, domestic fowl – – – – Order: Columbiformes – pigeon, dove Order: Psittaciformes – parrots, parakeets Order: Cuculiformes – cuckoo, Order: Apodiformes – swift, hummingbird swift cuckoo – Order: Strigiformes – owls – Order: Coraciiformes – kingfishers, hornbills – Order: Piciformes – woodpeckers, toucans kingfisher hornbill toukan Order: Passeriformes swallows, thrushes, warblers, tits, ravens & crows, sparrows, estrilds, finches, buntings, larks, flycatchers, wrens, starlings blackbird starling house sparrow chafinch Great Tit raven canary crow Zebra finch Phylogeny of vertebrates Lepidosauria Archosauria Diapsida Reptilia Chordata Amniota Tetrapoda Choanata Sarcopterygii Osteognathostomata Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) Vertebrata Craniata 1 temporal fenestra 1 zygomatic arch Class: Mammalia The most diverse group of animal life 5500 spp., 1300 gen. 135 fam, 25 ordo Variability of niches much broader than in any group of animals Size difference of 8 orders of magnitude 180 000 000 grams (blue whale) 2 grams (etruscan shrew) Class: Mammalia • • • + Endothermic / homeothermic Hair mammary gland – milk sweat, scent, sebaceous glands horns (skin) vs. antlers (bone) • Highly developed nervous system • Complex individual and social behavior • skeleton – 7 cervical vertebrae - pelvic bones fused • teeth – incisors, canines, premolars, molars complete dental pattern 3 1 4 3, with big potential for changes • secondary palate • muscular diaphragm (separates thoracic and abdomial cavities) Classification of mammals: Class: Mammalia • Subclass: Prototheria Order: Monotremata – duck-billed platypus, echidnas • Subclass: Theria • Infraclass: Metatheria Order: Marsupialia – opposum, kangaroos, koalas, wombats, thylacine adaptive radiation, analogy with Eutheria • Infraclass: Eutheria • Supraorder: Euarchontoglires Order: Lagomorpha – rabbits, hares Order: Rodentia squirrel, beaver, hamster, vole, mouse, porcupine, kapybara, guinea pig, morčatovití, chinchilla, coypu • Infraclass: Eutheria • Supraorder: Euarchontoglires Order: Primates – lemurs, bush babies – monkeys, apes, humans • Supraorder: Afrotheria – Order: Proboscidea – elephant – Order: Hyracoidea – hyrax • Supraorder: Laurasiatheria – Order: Carnivora – cat, dog, ferret, wolf, fox, bear – Order: Eulipotyphla – shrews, hedgehog, mole – Order: Chiroptera – bat nocturnal, echolocation – Order: Perissodactyla – odd-toe hoofed (ungulates) - horses, zebra, tapir, rhino – Order: Artiodactyla - even-toe hoofed swine, camel, deer, cattle, sheep, goats – Order: Cetacea – whales, dolphins Holarctic region Zoogeography Antarctic region Animals distribution: • Endemic - restricted to specific geographical unit • Cosmopolitan - widely spread
