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BUMP, SET, SPIKE
Demonstrate understanding of the
function of the body as it relates to the
performance of physical activity
Credits: 5
Functional Anatomy
The body has 4 Major Systems:
- Skeletal System – the bone structure for support
and protection of the organs
- Muscular System – muscles connect to bones to
allow movement
- Respiratory System – lungs which take oxygen
from the lungs and transfers it
to the blood
- Cardiovascular System – heart and veins/arteries
which pump blood for energy
production
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AXIAL SKELETON
Provides a framework that supports and protects the
organs in the body.
Skull: Protects the brain and guards the
entrance to the digestive and respiratory
systems
Ribs: Protects the heart and lungs, and helps
with the function of breathing
Vertebral Column: Provides a column of
support to protect the spinal cord and keep
us in an upright position
THE SPINE
7 Cervical Vertebrae
12 Thoracic Vertebrae
5 Lumbar Vertebrae –
Main weight bearing bones
5 Fused Vertebrae
(Tailbone)
THE RIBCAGE
12 Pairs of Ribs:
1-7 = True Ribs
8-12 = False Ribs
8-10 Join to the
cartilage
11-12 are
Floating Ribs
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Includes the bones of the arms and legs and the
joints that connect them to the Axial Skeleton.
It gives you control over your environment, changes
your position in space and provides mobility
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The bones of the Upper and
Lower Limbs
UPPER LIMBS
Clavicle: For attachment of many muscles
Scapular: Shoulder blade for protection of the
pectoral girdle (shoulder joint)
Humerus: Main weight bearing bone in the arm for
lifting objects
Ulna: The smaller forearm bone which extends from
the pinky. The top of the bone that attaches to
the Humerus is shaped like a U
Radius: The larger forearm bone which helps in
support and rotation of the forearm
Carpals: The 8 bones of the wrist which allow finer
movement
Metacarpals: The 5 bones of the hand
Phalanges: The 14 finger bones. The thumb consists
of 2 phalanges while each finger has 3 phalanges.
LOWER LIMBS
Pelvis: For protecting the reproductive organs and
sustain all the internal organs
Femur: Main weight bearing bone in the body
Patella: For protecting the knee joint. It is a
sesamoid bone as it is not attached to any
other bones
Tibia: (On Top) The shinbone for transfer of weight
through the ground
Fibula: The smaller of the two bones for attachment
of muscles to move the foot and toes
Tarsals: Bones of the ankle to allow for flexion when
walking
Metatarsals: 5 bones of the foot for balance and
walking
Phalanges: 14 bones of the toes
JOINING BONES
In order to keep our body together we need a
number of connective tissues to be the glue for
our body.
LIGAMENTS - these are a band of
tissues which connects Bone to Bone.
cartilage - this is a pad of fibrous
tissue which separates bones or
provides a cushion to prevent rubbing.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Muscles attach to the bone to allow movement to
occur. They are in charge of pulling on bones in
order to create movement. There are
approximately 639 skeletal muscles in the body.
Muscles need a different type of
tissue to attach to the bone – it must be
capable of withstanding tension (like a
rubber band).
This tissue is called a Tendon.
DIRECTIONS OF THE BODY
SUPERIOR - Top
POSTERIOR - back
ANTERIOR - front
INFERIOR - Bottom
UPPER BODY - BACK
Trapezius: Neck muscle
Deltoid: Shoulder muscle
Tricep: Muscle at the back of the arm
Latissimus Dorsi: Wing (back)
muscles
Flexor Carpi: Forearm muscles
UPPER BODY - FRONT
Trapezius
Pectorals: Chest muscles
Deltoid
Abdominals: Core (trunk) muscles
Obliques: Side muscles
Extensor Carpi: Forearm muscles
LOWER BODY - BACK
Gluteus Maximus: Bottom muscles
Hamstrings: Back of the thigh
Gastrocnemius: Calf muscle
Soleus: Ankle muscle
LOWER BODY - FRONT
Quadracep: Thigh muscle
Tibialis Anterior: Shin muscle
JOINTS
There are 3 types of Joints:
1. Immovable Joints
2. Slightly Movable Joints
3. Freely Movable Joints
Immovable Joints:
These are joints that cannot move. They
are extremely strong joints where the
bones are either interlocked (like a zip) or
they are fused.
These joints are found in the head.
They are:
•between the bones of the skull
•between the teeth and jaw
Slightly Movable Joints:
These are joints that have a small amount
of movement. They are connected by
either ligaments or cartilage.
Ligaments attach bone to bone. One
example is between the Tibia and Fibula.
Cartilage is a pad of fibrous tissue. It
separates and provides a cushion for joining
bones. It is found between the vertebrae and
the two pubic bones
Movable Joints:
These are joints that have movement in
one (i.e. elbow)
two (i.e. wrist)
or three (i.e. shoulder)
different planes or directions.
These joints are also known as:
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Articular Cartilage: Cover the bony surfaces
so the bones cannot touch each other. It is slick
and smooth to reduce friction during movement
Joint Cavity: The gap between the two
bones which contains the synovial fluid
Synovial Fluid: Found in the joint cavity, it is
a fluid that has three purposes:
1. Lubrication – to reduce friction
when moving
2. Nutrient Distribution – moves
nutrients around and collects waste
3. Shock Absorption – acts as a
cushion when the joint is squashed
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• Multiaxial – slide across a surface in many
directions
Gliding Joint – they have a
flat surface where one bone
can slide across the surface
of another. The movement
is only very small.
e.g. Sacroiliac Joint
(Between the sacrum and the pelvis)
Intercarpal Joints
(Between the carpal (wrist) bones)
Claviculosternal Joints
(Between the clavicle and the sternum)
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• Monoaxial – Joints that move in one direction
Hinge Joint – allow a bending
motion like the opening and
closing of a door
e.g. Elbow Joint
Ankle Joint
Phalangeal Joints (fingers) Knee Joint
Pivot Joint – only allow rotation
(turning) of a joint
e.g. Atlas/Axis Vertebrae
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• Biaxial – Joints that move in two directions
Saddle Joint – Shaped like a
horses saddle that can
move back and forth and
side to side.
e.g. Thumb Joint
Ellipsoidal Joint – Shaped like
a herb/pesto bowl that
can move back and forth
and side to side.
e.g. Finger Joints
Wrist Joint
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• Triaxial – Joints that move in three directions
Ball and Socket – Shaped like and egg in a
cup, they can move back and forth, side to
side, and round-and-round
e.g. Shoulder Joint
Hip Joint
DESCRIBING MOVEMENT
• Movement is described by looking at the way the joints
are positioned when a movement occurs.
• The main joints involved in movement are the Shoulder,
Elbow, and Wrist (in the upper body), and the Hip, Knee,
and ankle (in the lower body).
When the muscle pull
on the bones that
surround these joints,
movement occurs.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
– Angular Motion
FLEXION – to reduce the angle
between the two bones
EXTENSION – to increase the
angle between the two bones
HYPEREXTENSION – to increase
the angle further than the
normal position
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
– Angular Motion
ABDUCTION (ab, from)– To move
away from the longitudinal
axis of the body
(normal standing position)
ADDUCTION (ad, to)– to move
back toward the normal
position
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
– Angular Motion
CIRCUMDUCTION – to
draw a large circle
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
– Rotational Motion
ROTATION – to turn around
an axis. It may be:
- Left or Right
- Inward or Outward
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
– Rotational Motion
PRONATION – turns the wrist
and hand from palm facing
front to palm facing back
SUPINATION – turns the wrist
and hand from palm facing
back to palm facing front
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
– Special Movement
INVERSION – to twist the
foot inward (side to side)
EVERSION – to twist the
foot outward
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
– Special Movement
DORSIFLEXION – to lift the
foot and flex at the ankle
joint i.e. when you dig your
heel
PLANTAR FLEXION – to point
your foot and extend your
ankle joint i.e. plant your foot
on the accelerator
SKELETAL SYSTEM - Practice
Skull
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Sacrum
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Clavicle
Sternum
Scapula
Ribs
Vertebrae
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
MUSCULAR SYSTEM - Practice
1
7
2
8
9
3
4
10
11
5
6
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Deltoids
Tricep
Latissimus Dorsi
Gluteus Maximus
Trapezius
Pectoral
Bicep
Abdominals
Quadricep
Hamstring
Gastrocnemius
MOVEMENT AT THE JOINTS
• When we break movements down, we can think
•
about which movement happens at each Joint.
We can also think about how many different
directions they can travel in.
• These directions include:
Direction 1: Forward and Backward
Direction 2: Side to Side
Direction 3: Around (circle or rotation)
MOVEMENT
• Forward and Backward
movement is known as
Flexion and Extension
• Side to side movement is
known as Abduction and
Adduction
• Around movement is
known as Circumduction
OR Rotation.
MOVEMENT AT THE JOINTS
Joint
Number of Directions
it moves
(1,2,3)
Wrist
Elbow
Shoulder
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Type of Movement
(Flexion/Extension,
Abduction/Adduction,
Circumduction, Rotation)
MUSCLE PAIRS
• When muscles create movement they must work in pairs
for this to happen. Impulses from nerves cause muscles
fibers to contract (muscle contraction). This causes the
muscles to become shorter and thicker.
This causes the bone to move.
• For this to happen, the opposite muscle
must relax to allow for this movement. This causes this
muscle to become longer and thinner.
• For the muscle to return to its normal position, these
pairs swap over.
The muscle contracting and causing the
movement is called the Agonist.
The relaxed muscle that allows the
movement to occur is called the Antagonist.
The End