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Intro to MIS – MGS351 Computer Hardware and Software Extended Learning Module A Chapter Overview Overview and History Binary and Digital Communications Hardware – CPU, Memory, Storage Devices, Input Devices, Output Devices Software – Operating Systems, Application Software, Programming Languages Computers Other Computer Form Factors Computers??? Essence of a Computer “If we can build something that adds, we’re well on our way to building something that uses addition to also subtract, multiply, divide, calculate mortgage payments, guide rockets to Mars, play chess and foul up our phone bills.” - Charles Petzold, CODE p131 Mechanical Computers Difference Engine "I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam." – Charles Babbage upon finding multiple errors in calculation tables Binary Communications Could you communicate successfully with only two signals, symbols or sounds? Telegraph / Morse Code – Braille – Can a Machine do Binary Math? Electricity and binary math? Series circuit S1 Open Open Closed Closed S2 Open Closed Open Closed Result Not Lit Not Lit Not Lit Lit S1 0 0 1 1 Series/AND 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 S2 0 1 0 1 Result 0 0 0 1 Electricity and binary math? Parallel circuit S1 Open Open Closed Closed S2 Result Open Not Lit Closed Lit Open Lit Closed Lit S1 0 0 1 1 Parallel/OR 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 S2 0 1 0 1 Result 0 1 1 1 Binary Addition 0 + 0 = 00 0 + 1 = 01 1 + 0 = 01 1 + 1 = 10 SUM 0 1 0 00 01 1 01 10 CARRY VALUES 0 1 SUM 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Exactly like Series/AND Almost like Parallel/OR Stibitz 1-Bit Model K Adder "We wouldn't have our iPhones today, if we didn't start out with stuff like this." - Steve Wozniak Digital Communications Bit (binary digit) Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1 Byte String of bits, usually eight Stores one number or character Digital Communications Sentence written in ASCII 0100000101010011010000110 1001001010010010010000001 1010010111001100100000011 0111001101111011101000010 0000011001100111010101101 1100010000001110100011011 1100100000011101000111100 1011100000110010100101110 What is this? What is this? Hardware The physical electronic components and peripherals of a computer that do the “work” of computing. UB Desktop Computer Dell OptiPlex 7010 • • • • • • • • Intel i7-3770 @ 3.40 GHz 10 GB RAM 1 GB AMD Radeon HD 7570 500 GB Hard Disk Drive 3.5 TB External Backup Drive 8X DVD ROM 16X DVD +/- RW Windows 7 Enterprise UB Laptop Computer Dell Latitude E7440 • • • • • Intel i7-4600U @ 2.10 GHz 16 GB RAM Intel HD Graphics (Integrated) 256 GB Solid State Drive Windows 7 Enterprise Personal Laptop Computer Microsoft Surface Book • • • • • Intel i7-6600U @ 2.60 GHz 16 GB RAM NVIDIA GeForce GPU 500 GB Solid State Drive Windows 10 Professional CPU (processor) Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer. Controls other parts of the computer system. Gigahertz and Multicore Moore’s Law Memory (Primary Storage) Temporarily stores software program(s) being executed, data used by the programs and other instructions. RAM - Random Access Memory ROM - Read Only Memory Volatile versus non-volatile www.crucial.com CPU and Primary Storage What is this? Storage Devices Sequential versus direct access Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard disk Solid state drive Optical disks: CD-ROM, DVDs Magnetic tape: Inexpensive, older secondary-storage medium Input Devices Keyboard and Mouse Touch Screen Image and Biometric Scanner Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Bar Code Scanner Pen Based Input and Audio Input Virtual Reality Output Devices Monitor Printer Audio Output Microfilm and Microfiche Virtual Reality Software The electronic instructions that tell the computer hardware what to do. Software is useless without hardware and vice versa. Software • Software program: Series of statements or instructions to the computer • System software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resources • Application software: Programs written to perform functions specified by end users Major Types of Software What is an Operating System? A set of programs that manages the operations of a computer and functions as an interface between the user, the application programs and the computer hardware. – Windows (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10, Server) Mac OS, DOS, UNIX, Linux, OS/2, MVS and more! Role of the Operating System Operating System Functions • Allocates and assigns system resources • Schedules use of computer resources • Monitors computer system activities • Provides locations in primary memory for data and programs • Controls the input and output devices Linux Operating system originally developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 Software is freely available and open source Contributions made by over 12,000 developers Used to power – New York Stock Exchange – Particle accelerator at CERN – Toyota’s Vehicle Infotainment – Nearly all of the fastest 500 supercomputers Popular Linux Distributions Ubuntu - www.ubuntu.com Linux Mint - linuxmint.com Zorin OS - www.zorin-os.com Hundreds more at distrowatch.com Can try Linux without installing it using a Linux LiveCD - www.livecdlist.com Application Software Software designed to perform peoplerelated tasks such as payroll, inventory, and sales analysis. Questions when Selecting Software – – Proprietary or Common Off the Shelf (COTS) Software? Build or Buy? Open Source or Commercial? Popular Programming Languages • Java, Javascript, C, C++, PHP, Python, C#, Visual Basic, Objective C, Perl, Ruby, Delphi Programming Languages • Machine language: Consists of 1s and 0s of binary code • Assembly language: Resembles machine language, substitutes mnemonics for numeric codes • Third-generation languages: FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, and C Programming Languages • Fourth-generation language: Employed directly by end users nonprocedural • Natural languages: Similar to human language • Query languages: Retrieve data stored in databases or files (eg SQL) Programming Languages • Machine code 010010 001010 111010 001011 • Assembly language AR 5,3 • FORTRAN READ (5,100) ID, QUANT, PRICE TOTAL = QUANT * PRICE • COBOL MULTIPLY QUANT-SOLD BY UNIT-PRICE GIVING SALES-TOTAL Language Translation Software • Translates high-level language programs into machine language (1s and 0s) binary executables • Compilers • Interpreters Is newer technology better? When should you upgrade? Quote “We should be impressed by technology, but we shouldn’t be distracted by it or fooled into thinking that technology, unto itself, is the solution to anything.” -Lou Gerstner